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Associate Editor- J G. VERDOORN, Phil. Nat Dra (Waltham, Mass).
Ad^nsory Editors H P BARSS, M S (Washington, D. C.) , P CHOU
(Pans) ; R. CIFERKI, Ph D. (Firenzc) ; L DIFLS, Ph.D. (Dahlem) ; F. HE.
(Hamburg) ; G E HILBERT, Ph D. (Peona, 111 ) ; D. H. LINDER. Ph.D (Can
Mass.) ; E D MERRIT r , Sc D , LI D. (Jamaica Plain, Mass ) ; E. N MUNV:
(Washington, D C.) ; J RAMSBOTTOM, D Sc. (London) ; Sir E. JOHN RUSSELL, D.Sc ,
PhD. (Oxford) ; E W. SINNOTT, Ph.D. (New Haven, Conn ) ; M. J SIRKS. PhD
(Gronmgen) , A C SMITH. PhD (Jamaica Plain, Mass.) ; Oh Reg Rat K. SNEU ,
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Ph.D (Buitenzorg) , N. E SVEDELIUS, Ph.D (Uppsala) ; F W WENT, Ph D
(Pasadena, Calif)
Assistant Editor and Bibliographer K. W BARON (Waltham, Ma>s ).
Assistant Editor* Capt V C AsMoirs. B A (Jamaica Plain. Mass ) ; I* J
CARABTA (Hahana & New York City); L CROI/AT, Dott in Gitir. (Jamaica Plain,
Mass); G W. DILLON (Cambridge, Mass.), H Ei IAS. PhD (Waltham, Mass),
TH. JUST, Ph.D. (Notre Dame, Ind ) ; P. W. RICHARDS, Ph D. (Cambridge, Engl ) .
R. E. SCIIUIIFS, PhD. (Cambridge, Mass.) ; M. L C WAI LK (Waltham, Mass)
Corresponding Editor? F ANGKLINI, PhD (Rome); A ARBER, D Sc (Cam-
bridge) ; F. C BAWDEN, Ph D (Harpenden, Herts ) ; A A BITANCOURT, Ph I)
(Sao Paulo) ; A. BOROS, Ph D (Budapest) ; C. Y. CHANG, Ph D (Kunming) ; P. D
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( Alger) ; F. R. Fob BERG, Ph D (Washington, D. C.) ; H GAMS, Ph D. (Innsbruck) ;
V GIACOMINI, PhD (Fircnze) ; A J. HAAGEN SMH, PhD. (Pasadena, Cal ) ,
A HASSLFR, Fil. Lie (Lund), K L HRUBY, PhD (Prague); J VAN OKK KJAAUVV,
PhD (Leiden); J. LANJOUW. PhD. (Utrecht), V LATHOUWLR^. PhD (Gem-
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Agronomia Biologia Genet lea
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MEMORIAE VIRI ILLUSTRISSIMI
MELCHIORIS T R E u B 1 1
GLOR1OSI NOMINIS DIGNI HEREDIS
HIC CHRONICORUM BOTANICORUM
TOMUS NONUS
PIO GRAl Uv^fc/x: 4 ATIMO
DEDICATUR
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AD
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We never can forget
Those rubber boots, thotc bathing suits,
And that collecting net
Those sings and things will soon take wings
But thru the coming years
Whate'er the scene, dear formaline
Will fill our eyes with tears,
Whate'er the scene, dear formaline
Will fill our eyes with tears
WOODS HOLE MARINE BIOL LAB SONG
Oh the wondcrous laws which bind
Living things of every kind,
And control their distribution in the lake.
Temperature and CO*
Pressure, light, and ions too,
All determined by the tetts we've learned to make
UNIV OF MICHIGAN BIOL STA Sosr.
Oh we are the students of MB L , and a jolly gan
Z* i'?;.rf/,t ^^-fcsurw 1ZZZ 5
And wonaer wn\ oi* fifreis has warts upon his nose
Wig, wig, wiq, wig, wiqqle old Nereis goes
Tick, tick, tick, tick, tickle the Lobster's toes,
Exopodite, endopodite, basipodite as well
What happens to these animals I'd surely hate to tell
CHARLTON, SPEIDFL & KINDRED (1919)
7 ivant to go back to Douglas Lake
The dear old camping ground,
Back to the mess hall on the hill.
Back to the fun in ladyville.
Back to the labs with all their joys
In which we did partake,
I want to go back, I've got to go back
To Douglas Lake
UNIV OF MICHIGAN BIOL STA Sosi.
There are bugs that make us happy,
There are bugs that make us sore,
There are bugs that spoil our disposition*
Till we never want to see them more,
There are bugs so very complicated
That their heads from tails we cannot tell
But the bui/t that fill our hearts with sunshine,
Are the Big Bugs from M B L
WOODS HOIE MARINE BIOL LAB SONG
Chronica Botanica, Volume 9, Number 1
BIO LOGICAL
FIELD STATIONS
of the WORLD
*s
B 3
IS S
? c
-h, v
52
< 2
2
BIOLOGICAL
FIELD STATIONS
of the
WORLD
by
HOMER A. JACK
Ph. D. (.Cornell), B. D. (M eadville) ; Executive Secretary, Chicago Council
Against Racial and Religious Discrimination; Sometime Lecturer,
Athens College, Athens, Greece; Sometime Minister, .
Unitarian Church, Lawrence, Kansas.
"I have made use of tht term 'biological station' in
preference to those in more common use for the reason
that my ideal rejects every artificial limitation that might
check growth or force a one-sided development. I have
in mind, then, not a station devoted exclusively to
zoology, or exclusively to botany, or exclusively to phys-
iology; not a station limited to the study of marine
plants and animals; not a lacustral station dealing only
with land and freshwater faunas and floras; not a
station limited to experimental work, but a genuine
biological station, embracing all these important divi-
sions, absolutely free of every artificial restriction."
(C. O. WHITMAN, Science 7:37, 1898)
PRINTED IN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
Copynqht, 1945, by the Chronica Botanica Company
All rights reserved, including the right to reproduce this book or parts thereof in any for
CONTENTS
INJFODLCTORY 5
THE PURPOSE OF BIOLOMCAL
STATIONS .. . 7
THE SUBJECT MATTER
21 Netherlands East Indies
, . 28 New Caledonia
28 New Zealand
29 Nonvay
29 Panama C Z
54
5S
SS
55
SS
ACAPKMIC CREDIT
TUITION AND SCHOLARSHIPS
MUSEUMS
MS 30 Philippine Inlands /-
30 Poland
ss
56
TJIE HISTORY OF BIOIOGUAL
BOTANICAL GARDENS
30 Portugal
5ft
STATIONS 9
PUBLIC LFCTURfcS
30 Rhodes
56
TlIEIK INlREASh 9
Roumama
5(,
THLIR FOUNDERS 10
Rt SEARCH AT BlOIOGICAL
Scotland
57
THEIR DFVELOPMINT 10
STATIONS
31 Spain
57
THEIR ABANDONMENT 10
RfcSEARCH BY STAFF INVEVT1-
Surinam
57
THE LOCATION OF BIOIO<.ICAL
l.ATORS
31 Suvden ..
IM 31 Swtscrland
57
58
STATIONS .. 11
ErOLOGKAL LOCATION 11
POLITICAL LOCATION 11
RESEARCH BY INDEPENDENT
INVESTIGATORS
RESEARCH BY ADVANCED
Union of Sotiali\t Soviet
33 Republi(s
Union of South Afiua
59
59
60
THE ADMINISTRATION OF Jlioior.icAi
STUDENTS
FACILITIES FOR PUBLICATION
15 United State* of Atncma
35 Arizona
61
01
SPONSORSHIP . . 12
ORGANI/ATION 13
THE SUPPLY OF BIOLOGICAL :
MENS
SPFCI- California
36 Culurado
61
62
DIRECTORS . 13
FINANCES ... 13
FFRENCES
37 Florida
63
63
PUBLICITY . . 14
DIRECTORY OF BIOLOGICAI
Illinois .
Indiana
63
63
THE EQUIPMENT OF BIOLOGICAL
STATIONS IS
BUILDINGS . 15
LABORATORIES AND APPARATUS 16
APPARATUS FOR GENERAL BIOLOGICAL
RESEARCH . . 16
APPARATUS FOR INSTRUCTION 16
APPARATUS FOR SPECIAL
SERVICES . 16
APPARATUS FOR PUBLIC
FDUCATION .. 17
APPARATUS FOR MISCEILANEOUS
SERVICES . . .17
LIBRARY FACILITIES 18
ITINERANT STATIONS .. 18
STATIONS
Alaska . .
Algeria , ,.
Argentina
Australia . . .
Belgium
Bermuda ,
Brazil ...
Bulgaria
Canada .
Caroline Islands
Ceylon. .
Chile . .
China
Cuba
Czechoslovakia
39 Iowa
39 Louisiana
39 Maine
Maryland
39 Massachusctt\
40 Michigan
40 Minnesota
4 Mississippi
40 New Hampshni
40 New Mexico
41 New York
41 North Carolina
41 Ohio ..
41 Oregon .
42 Pennsylvania
42 Rhode Island
6)
65
65
65
65
67
68
68
68
68
69
69
.69
70
7C
70
THE LIVING FACIIITIES AT
BIOLOGICAL STATIONS 19
Denmark . ..
Egypt
Eire
-.42 South Dakota
43 Tennessee
43 Utah
70
71
BOARD . 20
LODGING . 20
COST OF LIVING ACCOMMODA-
England
Estonia
Finland .
43 Vermont
.44 Virginia .
44 Washington
71
71
71
71
TIONS .... . .21
HEALTH AND RECREATION 21
France . .
French Indo-China
44 West Virginia
47 Wisconsin
72
72
INSTRUCTION AT BIOLOGICAL
STATIONS .... 22
Germany .
Greenland
Hawaii
47 Wyoming ..
49 Venezuela
49 Yugoslavia
73
73
73
THE TEACHING FACULTY . 22
EDUCATION, ACADEMIC POSITION
AND SPECIALISATION 23
Hungary . . .
India ...
. 49
49 ILLUSTRATIONS - -
INSTITUTIONAL INBREEDING AND
Italy . . .
Aijassiz School on Pemkete Isla
\nd 2
FACUITY Tl'RN-OVER . ..23
Jamaica
\* The Laboratories at Woods
TEACHING LOAD .. 24
Japan
52 Hole
18/19
EDUCATIONAL PHILOSOPHY 24
ADVANCED INSTRUCTION 25
Latvia . .
Manchukuo . .
-53 Zoological Station, Naples
.53 Hydrobiological Station at the
50
Logo
ELEMENTARY INSTRUCTION . 25
Martinique
. 53 Trasimeno
53 Gcnealoov of U S Biolooical
51
THE COURSES 26
Monaco .,
53 Motions .
64
SCIENCFS REPRESENTED . 26
Morocco
, 54 Chebovaan Lake Station, Unn
'iersitv
TYPES OF COURSES 26
The Netherlands
54 of Michigan
66/67
The purpose of this study is to synthesize and present heretofore scattered and
unpublished materials describing and comparing the biological field stations of the world.
If this purpose is partially fulfilled, prospective students and investigators will have a
guide to aid them better in selecting a station in which to study or coivduct research
work In- addition, it is hoped that this study will be of some benefit to the directors of
biological stations, since it may show them how their fellow-administrators are soiling
some of the problems attendant to the efficient organisation of these institutions in
many parts of the world Finally, if a theoretical justification for studying these insti-
tutions need be given, it is merely that they have loomed large in the progress of
biological instruction and research in the past andproviding they retain their
adaptability there is every reason to believe that they will remain equally important
in the future.
, Although biological stations have been in existence for more than eighty years,
there is a paucity of literature about them Biologists have been prone to leave the
Study rt "*/ *jmi*tvo *f uiftt/A ivhu runly /iiit't- iht itmyht, if the interest, to make
intensive analyse* (20)* The fnv materials which have been published about biolog-
ical stations fall into several categories. 1, articles on the functions of these institutions,
especially by ANTON DOHRN (1), Professor C. O. WHITMAN (2), and most recently
by Professor PEARSE (?) ; 2, articles describing a particular station; 3, articles on
several stations of a region or functional group; and 4, articles in the form of a direc-
tory of the stations in larger political units
The first directory for any large political or geographical area u>as published in
1893 by BASH FORD DEAN (4}. This consisted of a discussion of the marine laboratories
of Europe It was follozved in 1898 by REN SAND'S account (5) of the biological
stations of the world. In 1899 HENRY WARD (6) published a paper on the fresh-
water biological stations of the world and in 1910 CHANCEY JUDAY (7) wrote an account
of European biological stations
The first extensive study of biological stations was made in 1910 by Professor
KOFOID in his bulletin on the "Biological Stations of Europe" (8). In 1927 LENZ (9)
published his valuable directory of limnological laboratories and in the same year
MAGRINI (10) issued his list of institutions occupied with the study of the sea. In
1928 the General Biological Supply House of Chicago began to publish its annual book-
let on "Biological Field Work" (11) at North American stations Professor T. W
VAUGHAN in 1937 issued his important "Catalogue of Institutions Engaged in Oceano-
graphic Research" (12) and in that same year the author's unpublished study (13) on
the biological field stations of the United States was completed. CHRONICA BOTANICA
(14) in 1938 published a ivorld list of scientific institutions rvhich contained a more
complete enumeration of biological stations than had ever appeared in the editions of
"Minerva," "Index Generalis" or "Index Biologorum " In 1940, the author pub-
lished a short description of the United States stations in "The American Biology
Teacher" (75) and a series of articles on the European stations in "The Collecting Net"
(16). Also in 1940 the author completed his unpublished manuscript on "The Biolog-
ical Field Stations of the World" (17), of which this study is a part.
In addition to reviewing the existing literature, the author tried to study these
institutions first-hand. Besides being a student and investigator at tivo stations for five
summers, the author attempted to visit as many of these institutions as his titne and
resources permitted. Seventy-nine stations in eighteen countries in Europe, North
Africa, and North America were visited by the author between 1937 and 1941. These
visits and interviews (18) were supplemented by questionnaires in English a>id French
to the directors of the stations not visited.
It must be emphasised that, with few exceptions, the descriptive and analytic
accounts of the biological stations given in this study arc corrected to 1940 before the
second World War became world-wide. As the war progressed, many of these insti-
tutions greatly curtailed their activity and even suspended operation for the duration
* Notes and rcferencrs will be found at the end of this introduction and at the end of each
part of the first section of this account
Ghronica Botanica 6 Volume IX (1945)
of the war. Indeed, a few stations were casualties of the war (19). Despite these
changes wrought by the war, it has been- thought useful for biologists and other
scientists to hare a picture of the biological stations of the world at perhaps the peak
of their operation (1939-40}. Thus even before the war is over or sectional armistices
are declared, information on these institutions will be in the hands of those who, as
students, investigators, and administrators, will be responsible for helping to make
them again sen'c science and mankind.
Many biological stations normally print descriptive catalogues giinng seasonal
or up-to-date information on the research and instructional facilities available. Pros-
pective students and investigators are urged to send for such a catalogue and cor-
respond with the director before making definite arrangements to attend any station,
ff desired, the author through one of the CHRONRA BOTANICA publications will con-
tinue to act as a clearing house for information about these institutions. And if there is
a demand, perhaps a second, post-war edition of at least the descriptive portion of this
study can be iss'ued.
The author is under deep obligation to all those who have helped to make this
study possible, especially to Professors KDWIN CONKLIN, E A. ANDREWS, and JACOB
REIGHARD who, as patriarchs of biological field work in America, have given him t
valuable historical materials; to Professors E. LAURENCE PALMES, ALBERT HAZEN
WRIGHT, and LEONARD i>. COTTRELL, JR., 0; nis graauate Lummntee * cv/ /...// f/ m -_
versity; to Professors ROBERT E. COKER and GEORGE R. LARUE who, as former director o
of the Allegany School of Natural History and the Biological Station of the University
of Michigan respectively, accepted the author as a student in their institutions before
he matriculated in college, and to Dr. and Mrs. FRANS VERDOORN, without ivhosc aid
and encouragement this study could not have been published.
The author is grateful to the directors of all of the biological stations for helping
him to compile the descriptive part of this study and often for giving him hospitality
during his brief visits to many of these institutions. The author is especially grateful
to Dr. W. BEIJERINCK of the Biologisch Station at Wijster, Professor J BRAUN-
BLANQUET of the Station Internationale de Geobotanique Mediterraneenne et Alpine,
Professor ATTILIO CERRUTI of the Istituto Demaniale di Biologia Manna di Toronto ,
Dr. C. CROSSLAND -formerly of the Marine Biological Station of the Pouad I Uni-
versity, Professor ODON DE BUEN formerly of the Institute Espafiol de Oceanografia,
Dr. ROBERT B. GORDON of the Allegany School of Natural History, and Dr F. RUTTNER
of the Biologische Station Lunz.
Above all, the author is deeply indebted to his parents, CECELIA and ALEXANDER
JACK, who sought in every possible way to give him opportunity for study and travel.
To them, this study is dedicated
CHICAGO, ILLINOIS, USA
5701, S WOODIAWM AVF
References and Notes' (1) The foundation of zoological stations. Nature
5-277-80, 437-40, 1872 Also, Report of the committee ... for the foundation of
zoological stations in different parts of the globe Report of the British Association
for the Advancement of Science 1873 408-12, 1874. (2) Some of the functions and
features of a biological station. Science 7:37-44, 1898. (3) A. S. PFARSE- Marine
biological stations. Tennessee Academy of Science 17 (4) :345-47, 1942 (4) Notes
on marine laboratories of Europe. American Naturalist 27 -625-37, 697-707, 1893. Also
this article may be found in the Report of the Smithsonian Institution for 1893, pp.
505-19, 1894 (5) Les laboratoires maritimes de zoologie. Revue dc TUnivcrsite de
Bruxelles 3-23-47, 121-51, 203-35, 1898 (6) The freshwater biological stations of
the world Science 9:497-508, 1899 Also this article may he found in the Report of
the Smithsonian Institution for 1898, pp. 499-513, 1899 (7) Some European biolog-
ical stations Transactions of the Wisconsin Academy of Sciences, Arts, and Letters
16:1257-77, 1910. (8) CHARLES ATWOOD KOFOID: The biological stations of Europe
United States Bureau of Education Bulletin 1910 (4) -1-360, 55 pis, 48 figs, 1910
(9) F. LENZ: Limnologische Laboratories Handbuch der Biologischen Arbeits-
mothoden 9-2(1) -1285-1368, 1927. (10) G MAGRINI : Instituts et laboratoires
s'occupant de 1'etucle de la mer. Conseil International de Recherches, Union Geodesujue
et Geophysique Internationale, Section d'Oceanographie, Bulletin 7.1-115, 1927.
(11). This appeared in 1928, 1929, 1930, 1931, 1932, 1934, 1935, 1937. Mimeographed lists
of the biological stations of the United States and Canada were issued by this supply
house in 1938 and 1939. In 1940 the list appeared in Turtox News 18(3) .49-51. (12)
In International aspects of oceanography (T. W. VAUGHAN and others). Washington:
Jack 7 Biological Stations
National Academy of Sciences. 1937, pp. 73-225.- (13) HOMER A. JACK. Biological
field stations their history, organizations, educational contributions, and conservation
relations. 196 pp , 26 figs., 37 tables. (Unpublished thesis, Cornell University Library).
1937 (14) FRANS VERDOORN (cd) : World list of institutions, stations, museums,
gardens, societies, and commissions. Chronica Botanica (Leiden) 4(4-5) 301-83, 1938
(15) HOMER A. JACK: Close to nature: biological field stations. The American
Biology Teacher 2-141-45, 180-83. 3 figs, 1940. (16) HOMKR A JACK . The biological
field stations of Europe. The Collecting Net (Woods Hole) 15:5-6; 25, 31-33; 45,
51-52; 70-71; 96-98; 117-18; 137-38; 152-53; 184-86; 206-08, 1940 (17) HOMER A.
JACK: The biological field stations of the world A comparative and descriptive study
1,001 pp, 114 tables, 4 plates. (Unpublished thesis, Cornell University Library). 1940.
This may be obtained from the Cornell University Library through inter-library loan
(18) Cf. HOMER A JACK Language difficulty Science 89-558. 1939 (19) "Dur-
ing the recent air raids of Plymouth, the Laboratory of the Marine Biological Associa-
tion suffered severely The buildings, though still standing, have sustained heavy
damage. All windows except a few on the south side of the top floor of the main build-
ing have gone; ceilings are down, doors wrenched off, and much structural damage
caused by the blast. The director's house was completely burned out. The library,
very fortunately, is intact except for the loss of windows and the skylight, and it has
now been made waterproof . . . The Easter class house will no doubt have to be rebuilt,
but most of the roof remains Other buildings, including the dogfish house, director's
garage and stores, and the constant temperature rooms, have all sustained damage .
The tanks on the north side of the Aquarium burst and the supply pipes broke, but it
is hoped that some part of the circulation may be restored before very long ."
(cf. Science 93 445) (20) An outstanding exception is The Woods Hole Marine
Biological Laboratory, by FRANK R Lu r \v University of Chicago Press, 284 pp , 1944
The Purpose of Biological Stations: A biological field station may
be considered as any institution which offers field instruction or research in
one or more of the theoretical biological sciences and is a separate adminis-
trative unit located in the field. In the actual practice of the institutions,
the pendulum has swung between research and instruction several times.
And the problem has always been, as Professor C. O. WHITMAN posed it
in 1893, "to combine the two [instruction and investigation] in such rela-
tions that each would contribute most to the same end the advancement
of science" 1 .
Nineteenth Century Stations. In the nineteenth century, three princi-
pal types of biological stations evolved. The first kind of station to develop
in Europe was the seaside laboratory and aquarium. Facilities were fur-
nished for marine research, with a public aquarium being maintained prin-
cipally to subsidize the research work of the institution. The Zoological
Station of Naples fell into this class Its founder, Dr ANTON DOHRN,
rightfully called it "a battlefield where all the different zoological armies
[systematists, anatomists, physiologists, and embryologists] may meet and
fight their common adversaries [error and ignorance]" 2 .
Quite opposite in purpose was the seaside school of natural history
which was the first kind of station to appear in America. Its aim was to
offer marine instruction to students and teachers. With the establishment
of this type of station, of which Louis AGASSIZ'S Anderson School of Natu-
ral History was representative, the battle royal began. Professor E. RAY
LANK ASTER, for example, wrote contemptuously in 1880 of AGASSIZ'S ven-
ture, "the spasmodic descent upon the seacoast in a summer vacation . . .
is a delightful thing . . . but it is not in this way that the zoology of today
can be forwarded" 8 .
Toward the end of the nineteenth century, a practical compromise was
reached in this controversy with the rise of the third kind of station, the
Ghronica Botanica 8 Volume IX (1945)
so-called marine observatory. Here both marine research and instruction
were combined to varying degrees. The Marine Biological Laboratory at
Woods Hole, Massachusetts, was a representative of this type of station.
Professor WHITMAN, its director, realistically described its practice when
he said, "instruction . . . was accepted more as a necessity than as a feature
desirable in itself. The older ideal of research alone was still held to be the
highest, and by many investigators was regarded as the only legitimate
function of a marine laboratory" 4 .
Twentieth Century Stations. It had been occasionally implied that
biological stations made their maximum contribution to the progress of
biology during the nineteenth century and that in the twentieth century they
would decline. Not only have these institutions survived, but they have
flourished, principally due to their adaptability from nineteenth century
patterns to twentieth century needs The typical biological station of the*
twentieth century has been organized to encourage research and instruction
in one or more of the biological sciences by offering facilities for these types
of work in one or more kinds of environments. This emphasis on various
environmental conditions, in addition to the seaside, was envisaged by Pro-
fessor WHITMAN, "I have in mind . . . not a station limited to the study of
marine plants and animals ; not a lacustral station dealing only with land
and fresh-water faunas and floras . . . but a genuine biological station,
embracing all these important divisions" 5 . In addition to exploring ne\\
types of biological environments, typical biological field stations have often
sponsored actual research projects. Also there has been a new appreciation
of the importance of instruction. As Professor WHITMAN prophetically
stated, "with increase and bpecialization in science the investigator himself
becomes more and more dependent upon the instruction which he draws
not only from books and journals, but also directly from his colleagues and
his pupils. . . We could not wisely exclude instruction [from biological
stations] even if made free to do so by an ample endowment'" 5 .
Despite the rise in the twentieth century of the typical biological station
which offers both research and instruction, a number of contemporary
institutions have confined themselves either to research or instruction.
The biological research station confines itself solely to providing oppor-
tunities for research in addition to carrying on research projects of its own.
Thus Dr. REIN HARD DOHRN re-emphasized the original purpose of the
twentieth century Zoological Station of Naples, "It was founded to enable
naturalists to carry on their studies with the utmost economy of time, energy,
and money. This is stilf, in my opinion, its fundamental raison d'etre" 7 .
Opposed to the biological research station is the biological nature camp, an
institution largely American in origin. Its purpose is to train students in
elementary field biology (i.e., nature study).
Quantitatively, it is estimated that about one-half of the contemporary
biological stations in the world are biological research stations, offering no
facilities for instruction. About two-fifths of the world's stations offer both
facilities for instruction and research, while about one-tenth of these institu-
tions offer instructional facilities only. For the stations in the United
States, the proportion differs : slightly less than one-half are typical biologi-
Jack __9_ Biological Stations
cal field stations offering both instruction and research; one-fourth are
biological research stations; and almost one-third are biological nature
camps.
Perhaps a case could be made for the relationship between the longtime
political and educational philosophies of a country and the purposes of the
biological stations within its borders. It is worth noting that some of the
democracies with a tradition for popular education emphasize formal in-
struction at the biological stations within their borders (e.g., three-quarters
of the United States stations and more than two-thirds of the British sta-
tions), while some political areas without a long democratic tradition empha-
size research (e.g., more than one-half of the German stations, more than
four-fifths of the Russian stations, and all of the Italian stations).
References (1) Pop Sci Mon 42-459-71, 1893 (2) Rept. Brit Assoc. Advan
Sci. 1873:408-12, 1874 (3) Nature 21 .497-99, 1880 (4) Science 7:37-44, 1898.
*5) Ibid. (6) Ibtd. This was reaffirmed forty years later by the trustees of the
Marine Biological laboratory. Cf. FRANK R. LILLIE* The Woods Hole Marine
Biological Laboratory. University of Chicago Press, p 92, 1944 (7) Nature
113:449-50.1924
The History of Biological Stations : From the incomplete his-
torical material available, it appears that the first biological station as the
term has been previously defined was established in 1859 at Concarneau,
France. Earlier in the nineteenth century, biologists came to recognize the
value of staying in one place long enough to be able to study living materials
m their natural environment As Professor R. LEGENDM; said, "Bientot,
la simple rccolte et la seule dissection ne suffirent plus" 1 . In the eighteen
thirties some Swedish naturalists established what Professor CHARLES A.
KOFOID called "an impromptu summer biological station" 2 . In 1843 at
Ostend, Belgium, Professor P.-J. VAN BENEDEN founded what RENE SAND*
considered the first biological station in the world. LEGENDRE likewise said
that this was "le premier centre d'etudes maritimes," 4 although KOFOID"
considered it as merely a kind of formalized seaside excursion and not the
first biological station in the world. In that same decade Professor CARL
VOGT made several unsuccessful attempts to establish a biological station and
in 1848 Professor VALENCIENNES, an associate for a time to Baron CUVIER,
began to explore the coast of Brittany for biological specimens. His efforts
resulted in the establishment, in 1859, by Professor J. J. COSTE of what
exists today as the Laboratory of Marine Zoology and Physiology of the
College of France at Concarneau. Fourteen years later, the first station
was founded in North America : Louis AGASSIZ'S Anderson School of Natu-
ral History on Pemkese Island 6 . About the same time Dr. ANTON DOHRN
founded the Zoological Station of Naples.
Their Increase. The biological station idea spread swiftly and in many
directions from its original centers in northwestern France (Concarneau)
and in northeastern United States (Pemkese Island). In the decade ending
in 1880, sixteen biological stations were established, scattered between
Sweden and the Black Sea in Europe and Illinois and Virginia in the New
World. And by 1888 both the Marine Biological Laboratory at Woods
Hole, Massachusetts, and the Laboratory of the Marine Biological Associa-
tion at Plymouth, England, were in operation. The greatest number of
Ghronica Botanica 10 Volume IX (1945)
field stations were founded in the decade ending in 1930, when seventy new
ones were established. Although these institutions have almost continuously
been abandoned, there has been a net increase in the number of new stations
established each decade, with a notable lessening of this increase in the
decade including the first World War and the decade after the depression
of 1929.
Their Founders. Biological field stations have been established by
many different types of individuals and institutions. Although most bio-
logical stations exist, at least in part, to aid scientific research work, scien-
tists themselves have not always had the financial resources to establish these
institutions. There have been a few scientists (e.g , ANTON DOIIRN or
ALBERT I, Prince of Monaco) who have been able to use their private for-
tunes to build up biological stations. Less wealthy scientists have had to
use their personalities to persuade others to give. Both royalty (eg., Kin^
FERDINAND I of Bulgaria) and business men (eg., JOHN ANDERSON) have
been patrons for the establishment of these institutions.
Most biological stations, however, have been established by the help of
an institution or special committee, with some one scientist taking the
administrative initiative. A list of the types of institutions which have aided
in the establishment of biological stations include governmental departments
(e.g., Danish Ministry of Agriculture), national scientific institutions (e.g.,
Carnegie Institution of Washington), national scientific societies (e.g.,
Netherlands Zoological Society), universities (e.g., University of Kiel),
local institutions and societies (e.g., Berlin Museum), and colleges (e.g.,
South Dakota State College). Occasionally special committees have been
founded for the express purpose of starting a biological station. These have
been international (e.g., Jungfraujoch Scientific Station), national (e.g.,
Freshwater Biological Association of the British Empire), and local (e.g.,
Liverpool Biological Committee).
More than one-half of the stations in the United States have been estab-
lished by universities or colleges. There is apparently a world-wide trend
away from the foundation of these institutions by private individuals. This
might be explained by the fact that the organization of a field station involves
greater expenses than formerly, when an individual scientist with a few
students, much enthusiasm, and little equipment could establish a station
or induce a rich patron to finance one.
Their Development. Once a station is founded, it is naturally often
not equipped to cope with all the problems which it often must face. Sev-
eral stations have experienced considerable delay between the time they
were started and the time their instruction or research program was begun.
And being very dependent upon the immediate natural environment, some
stations have had to move from their original sites, because of the unfor-
tunate choice of the original site or because of the encroachment of
civilization.
Their Abandonment. Biological stations have been abandoned for a
number of reasons. The most common causes for discontinuance have been
the death of the founder or director (e.g., Louis AGASSIZ'S death soon
brought an end to the Anderson School of Natural History), fire (e.g.,
Cornell University Biological Station), marine disaster (e.g., the wreckage
Jack 11 Biological Stations
of the Pourquoi Pas?), war (e.g., Royal Hungarian Marine Biological Sta-
tion), curtailment of funds (e.g., The Biological Station of the United
States Bureau of Fisheries at Woods Hole), and personal disagreements
(e.g., Mountain Laboratory of the University of Utah). '
Since the first biological station was founded, at least ninety of these
institutions approximately one out of four established have gone out
of existence. The life span of abandoned stations has varied widely. One
institution (i.e., The Biological Station of the United States Bureau of
Fisheries at Woods Hole) closed after being in operation fifty-one years
Others (e.g., Lake Cooper Biological Laboratory) have closed their doors
after one season. The average length of life of the abandoned stations has
been about sixteen years. The average length of life of those stations exist-
ing in 1940 was about twenty-six years, with the oldest founded in 1859 and
the youngest founded in 1940.
' References (1) Revue Scientifique 70:750-53, 1932. (2) U. S. Bur. Educ.
Bull. 1910(4) :1-360, 1910. (3) Rev. Univ. Bruxelles 3 :23-47, 121-51, 203-35, 1898.
(4) Revue Scientifique, op. cit. (5) U. S. Bur. Educ. Bull., op. cit. (6) cf.
Harper's Weekly 17:701-02. Popular Science Monthly 40:721-29. Nation 17:174-75.
Ibid. 31:29. American Naturalist 32:189-96. Nature 6:34. Ibid. 8:454-55. Ibid
11:167-68. Ibid. 21:497-99. Ibid. 31:174-75. Science 58:273-75. Literary Digest
79 .68-69. New York Daily Tribune, March 12, 1873. Ibid March 27, 1873 Ibid
July 9, 1873. Ibid. July 10, 1873. New York Times, March 27, 1873. Ibid. April 23,
1873. Ibid. May 22, 1873. FRANK R. LILLIE: The Woods Hole Marine Biological
Laboratory. University of Chicago Press, pp. 15-23, 1944. Sci. Mon. 62-315-21.
The Location of Biological Stations: The uniqueness of biological
field stations lies in their location, in the opportunities they offer students
and investigators to study biological forms at close range in their natural
environment. While political, geographical, and other considerations enter
into the establishment of biological stations, these institutions are usually
located on sites near or within a unique biological environment, or else in
an area where an abundance and variety of biological forms are easily
accessible. Some believe the ideal to be an itinerant station or a "floating
station," which provides more freedom to move to new sites frequently or
periodically. Similar results in extending the working radius of a station
have been obtained by establishing annexes or by removing a whole station
to a new site after a period of years.
Ecological Location. About one-half of the stations of the world are
marine biological stations. The remaining ones are about evenly divided
between being primarily situated for work in fresh-water biology and in
terrestrial biology. While biological stations have penetrated the arctic
(e.g., Greenland), the desert (e.g., Morocco), and the jungle (e.g., Pana-
ma), there are many biological areas in the world possessing none of these
institutions. Professor T. W. VAUGIIAN has pointed out the "paucity of
oceanographic stations south of the equator" 1 . Some of the larger areas
without biological stations include Lake Victoria, the Caspian Sea, the
Himalaya Mountains, the Andes Mountains, the tropical forests of Africa
and South America, the prairies of Patagonia, the steppes of Tibet, and the
deserts of Mongolia.
Political Location. The estimated 265 biological stations in operation
in 1940 were distributed in fifty-eight political divisions. The United
States led in the number of existing field stations with sixty-three. Other
Chronica Botanica 12 Volume IX (1945)
countries with a relatively large number of biological stations include the
U. S. S. R. with twenty-three, France with twenty, Germany with fourteen,
Japan with twelve, and Italy with ten. There are also a number of countries
which, in 1940,' had no biological stations within their borders. These
include Turkey, Greece, Ethiopia, Iceland, and New Guinea.
There is little or no correlation between the population or size of a
country and the number of biological stations it supports. Switzerland, for
example, has one field station for about every 2,600 square miles of its
territory, while Brazil has but one station for every 1,000,000 square miles
of its land. For the political areas which have field stations, the mean figure
is one station for about every 28,000 square miles. The number of inhabi-
tants theoretically supporting a biological station also varies greatly. Every
400,000 persons in the Mountain States of the United States support a
biological station in that territory. In China, on the other hand, there is
only one station for every 140,000,000 inhabitants. The mean figure (fo*i
those areas having these institutions) is one station for about every
3,000,000 persons.
The greater the number of biological stations a country supports, the
greater theoretical support that nation gives to biology. Such might be
true if biological stations were of the same size and had approximately the
same scientific output. When, however, the actual factor of size or output
is considered, a country like Hungary with only one biological station is
perhaps supporting more field biological research and instruction than
Czechoslovakia with six of these institutions. Traditionally, some countries
have followed a conscious or unconscious policy of dissipating their re-
sources by establishing a number of small stations rather than fewer big
ones. Professor HENRI LACAZE-DUTHIERS warned in the last century, "we
have been able to count as many as seventeen or eighteen stations on our
coasts [France] in the course of 1891. . . Is this not also an exaggeration
and a dissipation of precious energies which, if concentrated into a single
strong organization, might render very great service?" 2 .
References (1) International Aspects of Oceanography Washington . National
Academy of Sciences 1937. -(2) Arch. Zool. 2(9) -.255-363, 1891.
The Administration of Biological Stations: Biological stations
are sponsored by several types of organizations and institutions. They are
organized usually as separate administrative units of the institution or
organization which sponsor them. A director is generally appointed by
the sponsoring committee to manage the work of the station. While the
director's duties are concerned primarily with all the problems attendant
to translating into action the educational and scientific philosophy of the
institution, the two administrative problems with which most station
directors are especially occupied are balancing the station's budget and giv-
ing the station the kind of publicity which will make the desired number of
students and investigators attend the institution each session.
Sponsorship. Biological stations usually have not sufficient financial
strength to be autonomous institutions. Although separate administrative
units, they are sponsored by various types of organizations and individuals.
Universities and colleges appear to be the most frequent sponsors of con-
Jack 13 Biological Stations
temporary biological stations. More than one-half of the stations in the
United States are so supported. Scientific institutions and organizations
less frequently play the role of sponsors of biological stations (e.g., The
Royal Society of Goteborg supports the Oceanographic Institute of Gote-
borg, Sweden). Governmental departments are also the sponsors of bio-
logical stations (e.g., the Egyptian Ministry of Commerce and Industry
supports the Fouad I Institute of Hydrobiology and Fisheries at Alexan-
dria). In some cases, several types of organizations combine to support a
biological station (e.g., The Laboratory of Zoology of the University of
lasi and the Ministry of National Education together sponsor the Marine
Zoological Station "King Ferdinand I" at Agigea, Roumania). A few of
these institutions are sponsored by private individuals (e.g., Dr. FRIEDRICH
MORTON is the sole supporter of the Botanical Station at Hallstatt, Austria)
T astly, about one-tenth of the biological stations are autonomous, being
sponsored by an organization formed specially for that purpose (e.g.. The
Bermuda Biological Station for Research is an institution founded and
incorporated for the sole purpose of supporting its own scientific \\ork) 1 .
Organization. Most biological stations are organized as more or less
autonomous departments of the organizations or institutions which sponsor
them. The parent institution usually appoints a kind of executive com-
mittee which in turn appoints a director in whom is vested most of the
administrative duties. Those stations which are truly autonomous institu-
tions often present the greatest administrative problems because they have
no sponsoring institutions after which to pattern their organization and with
which to integrate their functions. They often find it best to have a formal
board of trustees. The executive committees or boards of trustees of the
larger stations issue annual reports of the work of the institution. While
most often they are summaries of research (e.g., Report of the Rcelfoot
Lake Biological Station), occasionally they are administrative summaries
(eg., Report of the Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, Mass )
Directors. The bulk of the administrative work of most biological
stations falls upon the directors of these institutions. They are usually
appointed to these positions by the executive committee or the board of
trustees. Not infrequently in the case of younger stations, the directors
have assumed their positions by being the founders of the institution (e.g ,
ANTON DOHRN, founder and first director of the Zoological Station of
Naples). About one-quarter of the directorships are full-time positions.
Most of the stations, however, are in operation only ^portion of the calendar
year and consequently these positions are part-time ones. During the
greater part of the academic year, the directors are usually university or
college professors, although their vocations vary from that of a superin-
tendent of schools to a drug store proprietor. In any case, the directors
are scientists, most often, zoologists.
Finances. The financial problems facing the directors of biological
stations are those facing most other institutions : how to obtain an adequate
income and how to spend it wisely. Biological stations obtain the largest
share of their income from the services they render in providing facilities
for research and instruction to investigators and students. Even so, most
Ghronica Botanica 14 Volume IX (1945)
of these institutions are unable to meet their expenses through tuition and
laboratory fees and must turn to supplementary sources of income. These
include income from their sponsoring organizations (in the form of direct
subsidies), from the government (for scientific services), and from the pub-
lic (for admission to aquariums). Autonomous institutions must seek even
a wider source of income which often include outright government grants,
endowments, the sale of biological specimens, and membership and patron
fees. Once acquired, the income of biological stations is expended on
administration, instruction, research, and the maintenance and operation of
laboratory and living facilities.
The actual budgets of biological stations vary with their purpose, size,
and age. The Marine Biological Laboratory has had the largest budget :
$185,096 in 1938. Several of these institutions, on the other hand, have
annual budgets of less than one thousand American dollars {e.g., Biologic* 1
Laboratory of Lake Oredon, France, has an annual budget of 4,000 francs
or $106). Any attempt at obtaining an average budget is meaningless
because of the varying currencies, standards of living, and even accounting
practices. It is worth noting, perhaps, that England has an average yearly
budget of $28,470 per station, whereas Italy has an average annual budget
of $421 per station (excluding the international Zoological Station of Na-
ples). The average annual budget of one-half of the existing United States
stations is $21,130.
Publicity, Since the financial success of most biological stations is very
much dependent upon the attendance of a full quota of students and/or
investigators, various publicity practices have been devised to attract these
students and investigators. In the United States, it has been the custom for
most of these institutions to issue annual announcements of their available
facilities. About three-quarters of the United States stations publish such
announcements. They may vary from a one-page mimeographed sheet
(e.g., the 1940 announcement of the San Francisco State College Science
Field Session) to a 35-page booklet (i.e., 1940 announcement of the Marine
Biological Laboratory). The stations in the United States which do not
issue annual announcements are either in the early stages of existence or
offer only research facilities, in which case a detailed printed announcement
may serve for several years. Several of the American stations supplement
the publicity given in their annual announcements by inserting news notices
in the unpaid columns of certain scientific journals (e.g., Science) or paid
advertisements in others (e.g., Nature Magazine). In Europe, station
announcements more often take the form of one-page brochures, printed
annually and describing the current offerings in instruction or research.
These are often supplemented by printed rules and regulations which arc
issued irregularly.
Directors of biological stations often obtain general publicity for their
institutions by cooperating in the production of general articles about the
work of the station in popular publications (e.g., Machete Trails by DALLAS
L. SHARP in The Atlantic Monthly in 1930). They also cooperate in the
compilation of directories of the biological stations of a political or geographi-
cal area (e.g., the 1937 issue of The Biologist [Phi Sigma Society] devoted
to Biological Summer Schools). The most effective kind of publicity for
Jack 15 Biological Stations
the biological stations of all countries results from the unqualified satisfac-
tion and enthusiasm of students and investigators who have attended these
institutions. Some stations have attempted to sustain this enthusiasm by
organizing loosely-formed alumni associations with irregular meetings and
newsletters.
Note: (1) LILLIE shows the advantage of autonomous organization in "freedom
from all restrictions of local institutional control." Cf. FRANK R LILLIE: The
Woods Hole Marine Biological Laboratory. University of Chicago Press, p. iii, 1944.
The Equipment of Biological Stations: The kind of equipment
with which a biological station is able to carry out its program depends upon
its purposes and its resources, to a lesser extent upon its ecological and
political location. Most biological stations have some sort of campus on
which are constructed one or more buildings. These are equipped with
laboratories and scientific apparatus for instruction and research. In addi-
tion, these institutions are also equipped to furnish board and lodging for
those in attendance. There are a few itinerant stations which often have
the same problems and needs of the stationary institutions and therefore
have much of the same equipment, except a permanent campus and buildings.
Buildings. In planning the laboratory buildings for the Anderson
School of Natural History, Louis AGASSIZ stated, "I was determined that
we should not be satisfied with that mode of proceeding of which we have
so many examples in these medieval castles for the abode of modern science.
I wanted, if possible, that our rooms should correspond at once with our
work" 1 . While most directors have perhaps had this philosophy of plan-
ning, they usually have not had the financial opportunity to put such archi-
tectural theories into practice in establishing or even subsequently enlarging
these institutions. Several stations have started and often continued in
buildings erected for other purposes: the Murman Biological Station in a
monastery, the Oregon Institute of Marine Biology in an abandoned
Civilian Conservation Corps camp, the Zoological Station at Villefranche in
an abandoned coaling station, the Hydrobiological Section of the Scientific
Institute of Peterhof in an appropriated country estate, and the Laboratory
of the Fresh-water Biological Association at Ambleside, England, in veri-
tably a medieval-looking castle.
The size of biological stations is not usually proportionate to the number
of buildings, but rather to what they contain. Thus the Zoological Station
of Naples is housed in one building whereas the smaller Allegany School
of Natural History maintained forty-seven building units. In general, bio-
logical stations can be classified into small, medium,, and large plants. The
smallest number of stations have relatively large plants. The ten top-
ranking institutions in regard to the size of their physical plants prob-
ably would include, though not necessarily in the order given, those sta-
tions at Woods Hole (Marine Biological Laboratory), Naples, Plymouth,
Helgoland, Woods Hole (Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution), La
Jolla, Friday Harbor (and Seattle), Monaco, Roscoff, and Cold Spring
Harbor. All except the last-named institution happen to be chiefly equipped
for marine research. The largest inland biological stations would probably
include those at Douglas Lake, Michigan ; Put-in-Bay, Ohio ; Lunz, Austria ;
and Jungfraujoch, Switzerland.
Chronica Botanica 16 Volume IX (1945)
Laboratories and Apparatus. Whatever their size, biological stations
contain various types of laboratories and rooms equipped with apparatus
with which to carry on their different functions. Increasingly this apparatus
has become more complicated than the original equipment of the early field
stations. Today even small stations are supplied with fairly intricate
apparatus which never enters the field in the sense that it never leaves the
laboratory.
The laboratories and apparatus of biological stations serve primarily for
general research and instruction. In addition, a number of these institutions
are also equipped for research in special fields, for photography, for collect-
ing, for repairing, and for distributing supplies. The other functions for
which many biological stations are equipped include public education, mis-
cellaneous services, and library work.
Apparatus for General Biological Research. Most field stations, evof.
if they have no laboratories equipped for special functions, do have at least
one room equipped for general biological research. Such equipment in-
cludes laboratory furniture, common chemicals and glassware, running fresh-
water (and often sea-water), small aquariums or terrariums, electricity, and
occasionally gas, compressed air, and vacuum pipes.
Those stations which have piped sea-water usually take precautions to
insure the purity of the water, both at its source and during its conduct
through pipes to the desk of the student or investigator. As Professor
KOFOID observed, "much may be done by sedimentation and by preliminary
storage in the dark to improve polluted waters for circulation in aquaria
and laboratories ; but, after all is said, purity of water supply is the greatest
asset of the marine station" 2 . At least one station (i.e., Bergen Museums
Biological Station) has had to change its site because of the contamination
of the waters adjacent to its original location. Another institution (i.e.,
Oceanographic Institute of Goteborg, Sweden), desiring a certain type of
sea- water, obtains it by freighter from the Bay of Biscay.
Apparatus for Instruction. The nature of the instruction offered at
biological stations is usually such to necessitate only the minimum of in-
structional apparatus. For those courses demanding inside laboratory work,
class rooms and laboratories have to be provided. These often contain the
apparatus furnished to the general research laboratories. In addition, they
are often equipped with blackboards, charts, and microscopes. A few sta-
tions have special lecture rooms, although at most of these institutions, the
lectures if any are of an informal nature, being often given in the
laboratory or during a field trip.
Apparatus for Special Services. Laboratory apparatus is often sup-
plied for research in various special fields of science. While these fields
vacillate with the trends in biology, the more common ones are bio-chemistry,
physiology, and taxonomy. Other subjects for which one or more biological
stations are especially equipped include bio-physics, economic fisheries,
hydrography, bacteriology, and microscopy.
Photography is an important aid to field instruction and research. Most
biological stations are equipped with rooms to develop and print photo-
graphic negatives. While most stations usually have only one darkroom,
Jack 17 Biological Stations
the larger institutions often have several which are well-equipped with
developing and printing apparatus.
Since the collection of scientific specimens has increasingly become an
art, complicated equipment and even highly-trained personnel are needed.
Many stations maintain boats and automobiles for collecting purposes. The
boats vary greatly in number and size. Some stations use and need only
rowboats and canoes. Others have large vessels, such as the 112-foot
Makrele of the Biological Station of Helgoland. A few boats have been
specially-built for scientific work, such as The Atlantis 9 of the Woods Hole
Oceanographic Institution*. Stations which do have boats must have places
to keep them and often employees to run them. In addition to operating
boats, the stations which do a large amount of collecting must have em-
ployees who, if not formally-trained scientists, must know enough practical
biology to be able to go out in the station's vessel and find the various
biological forms that are wanted. One of the most famous of such collectors
was SALVATORE Lo BIANCO who for many years was conservator of the
Zoological Station of Naples.
As scientific apparatus is used at biological stations as elsewhere it
needs adjustment, becomes broken, or wears out. At institutions situated
in isolated places or at the larger ones, it is often expedient for the station
itself to attempt to adjust, repair, or make research apparatus. To meet
these needs, several stations have well-equipped shops for machine- work,
carpentry, and glass-blowing.
Most stations have had to be equipped for the distribution of scientific
apparatus and supplies to those in attendance. Equipment for this purpose
at the larger institutions includes stock rooms, station stores, and, in several
instances, whole departments for the sale of live and preserved biological
forms.
Apparatus ]or Public Education. The public education attempted by
biological stations is usually by means of aquariums, museums, and botanical
gardens. The more ambitious of each of these projects demands elaborate
equipment and personnel. The aquariums vary in size from small, one-
room exhibits in table tanks to very large installations as at the stations at
Naples, Helgoland, and Monaco. Public museums also are often operated
in conjunction with the marine aquariums (e.g., Monaco). Botanical gar-
dens are maintained by several stations. While they do not entail much
equipment, they usually require the services of several gardeners and labor-
ers to give them the constant care required for their successful operation.
Apparatus jor Miscellaneous Services. One of the auxiliary functions
of field stations is the securing of regular hydrographic and meteorological
observations, often in cooperation with other agencies (e.g., the Weather
Bureau and the Coast Guard in the United States). The equipment neces-
sary to take these observations varies from simple thermometers and rain
gauges to tidal stations and apparatus for measuring direct and diffuse solar
radiation (e.g., Oceanographic Laboratories of the University of Wash-
ington).
Other functions for which many biological stations must be equipped
are administration and transportation. While much of the administrative
work in connection with the conduct of biological stations is often carried
A VIEW OF THE LABORATORIES AT WOODS HOLE, CAPE COD, MASSACHUSETTS (ca. 1925), after an etching by R. L. Dickinson.
on at the offices of the sponsoring institutions, many need some kind of
office and secretarial aid in the field. Likewise, while individuals often
provide their own transportation to biological stations, these institutions
must often provide transportation for classes and supplies. This is done by
means of various types of boats and automobiles. While most stations in
the United States have one or more automobiles, only a few institutions in
Europe or elsewhere have such vehicles.
Library Facilities. Most biological stations have some kind of library.
The type varies with the purposes of the institution and the actual use to
which the library is put. Some of the smaller institutions have a very small,
yet adequate, collection of taxonomic manuals and reprints. Other stations
have rather complete libraries on special subjects (e.g., the bryological
library of the Summer School of Bryology). A few stations have large
libraries with bound volumes, reference books, reprints, and current serial
publications on a number of biological subjects. Such collections require
much equipment and the services of full-time librarians. The largest library
operated by any biological station is that of the Marine Biological Labora-
tory. It ranks as one of the best libraries of scientific serial publications
in the world. 5
Itinerant Stations. While not possessing fixed campuses or buildings,
itinerant institutions nevertheless require the other necessary equipment for
biological stations. Certain peculiar equipment of itinerant institutions
include boats for the aquatic ones (e.g., the ill-fated Pourquoi Pas?) and
trucks, automobile caravans, and buses for the terrestrial ones (e.g., Animal
Ecology Field Trip of the University of Illinois). Gumbersome libraries
and heavy apparatus are usually not maintained by these stations, although
otherwise they possess the regular equipment necessary to care for the
laboratory and living needs of their students, investigators, and faculty
members.
References and Notes: (1) New York Daily Tribune, July 9, 1873. (2) U. S.
Bur. Educ. Bull. 1910 (4) : 1-360, 1910. (3) cf. annual announcement of this institu-
tion for a detailed description of this vessel. (4) Other vessels over 100 feet in
length attached to biological stations include De Lanessan ( Cauda, French Indo-China),
Mabahiss (Alexandria, Egypt), Africana (Sea Point, Union of South Africa), E. W.
Scripps (La Jolla, California). (5) It contains 6,000 bound volumes, 52,000 bound
serial publications, 1,300 current serial publications, and 130,000 reprints. Cf. FRANK
R. LILLIE: The Woods Hole Marine Biological Laboratory. University of Chicago
Press, pp. 100-05, 1944.
The Living Facilities at Biological Stations: A majority of bio-
logical stations offer living facilities to their students, investigators, and
staff members in addition to opportunities for research and instruction.
Some of the early field stations did not concern themselves with the board
and lodging needs of those in attendance, often because these were available
in nearby towns. The Zoological Station of Naples, for example, has never
made an attempt to provide living facilities, other than a noonday meal.
As these institutions, however, began to be established in environments
removed from centers of population, their managements were forced to
provide living accommodations. From the inclusion of these facilities at
some stations because of sheer necessity arose their inclusion at others
because of saving both time and money of the students attending them.
Also the value of maintaining living facilities was recognized as making for
a closely-integrated scientific community 1 . For a physiologist to live in the
same dormitory as a taxonomist was liberalizing. Equally broadening was
the student's being able to eat at the same table with the faculty member.
From providing board and lodging, some stations soon extended their
offerings to medical service and organized recreation. Today, therefore, a
great many biological stations are prepared to offer those in attendance
much more than a laboratory desk and a rowboat. That these facilities
exist and often entail great administrative problems and expenses do not
detract from the purpose of biological stations. Indeed, living facilities are
furnished so that a student or investigator may better be able to fulfill the
Ghronica Botanica -20 Volume IX (1945)
purpose of the institution, may better be able to use that laboratory desk and
rowboat.
Board. Somewhat less than one-half of the field stations of the world
offer boarding accommodations to those in attendance. This proportion
often varies with the political area in which the station is located. Countries
which have a high proportion of their stations offering dining accommoda-
tions include Japan, Canada, and the United States. Those countries which
have a low proportion of their field stations offering boarding accommoda-
tions include Italy, Germany, France, and Sweden.
The equipment which these institutions require to prepare and serve
meals varies both with the resources and needs of the stations and occa-
sionally with the customs of the country in which they are located. The
larger stations in the United States have separate dining builH-Vrs with
mechanically-equipped kitchens. The itinerant field station.., on the utfeer
hand, have portable cooking apparatus. One of these stations (ie., West
Virginia University Biological Expedition) has a kitchen on wheels.
The administration of the boarding facilities at these institutions is
usually vested with the director of the station. In a few instances it is
leased to a concessionnairc or, in small European stations, relegated to the
concierge who is paid directly by the student or investigator. At several
American stations board is offered on a cooperative basis: the students,
investigators, and faculty members who receive board determine the policies
of the commissary department.
Several biological stations offer equipment for students and investigators
to prepare their own meals. In some instances, the students are expected
to cooperate in preparing the meals. At other stations the students or
investigators are expected to buy their own food and prepare it separately.
The Marine Biological Station of Fouad I University in Egypt is unique
in that the investigator shares in the services of a cook and houseboy
(farrash), although he is expected to buy the unprepared food at a nearby
canteen.
The biological stations which do not provide board or facilities for indi-
viduals to prepare their own are usually located within walking distance of
places where meals can be obtained. Indeed, several American stations have
established their headquarters in hotels where students are expected to
obtain board.
Lodging. About two-thirds of the biological stations of the world
offer lodging accommodations. Almost all of the institutions which offer
boarding facilities also offer lodging. In addition, one-fifth of the stations
of the world which are not equipped to serve meals are equipped with sleep-
ing arrangements. The countries which rank high in the proportion of
field stations within their borders offering lodging facilities include Rou-
niania, the Netherlands, Japan, Canada, United States, Sweden, and France.
Those countries with a low proportion of their stations providing room
include Algeria, Denmark, Italy, and Switzerland.
The equipment which these institutions require to lodge those in attend-
ance varies both with the individual station and with the standard of living
for the country in which it is located. In the United States, lodging accom-
modations range from the large dormitories of the Marine Biological Labo-
Jack 21 Biological Stations
ratory with running hot and cold water in many rooms to the few supplies
needed for the students to spend the nights in a sleeping bag at the Pacific
Union College Field Nature School. Many of the stations in the United
States maintain attractive cabins or sometimes tents for two or three persons
each. In Europe, the lodging accommodations at most field stations are in
the same buildings as the laboratory work, although at several stations
(e.g., Zoological Station of the Netherlands Zoological Society) special
structures for lodging have been erected.
The maximum number of persons who can obtain lodging accommo-
dations at a station ranges from 275 at the Marine Biological Laboratory
to less than five (e.g., Biological Station of Wijster). The biological
stations which are prepared to care for the lodging needs of a large number
of students and investigators include, in addition to the Marine Biological
Laboratory, the Biological Station of the University of Michigan (with
accommodations for 200 persons) and the Lake Itasca Forestry and Bio-
logical Station (with accommodations for 100).
The biological stations which do not provide lodging are usually located
near places where it may be obtained. The Lake Geneva School of Natural
Science, for example, is located on the grounds of College Camp, an enter-
prise which furnishes lodging and board. The Oceanographic Museum and
Aquarium at Monaco, although offering no lodging facilities, is located near
a number of pensions and hotels where the investigator may obtain rooms
within a wide price range.
Cost of Living Accommodations. The biological stations which offer
both board and lodging usually charge one sum for both of these services.
This amount varies for stations within a given country and for those in
different countries. The highest cost is $28.00 a week for room and board
(i.e., Barro Colorado Island Biological Laboratory) and the lowest cost is
the equivalent of $1.34 a week at the Marine Biological Station of the
Tohoku Imperial University in Japan. The average cost per week for
board and lodging at fifty-eight stations is $9.00.
Those field stations which charge relatively high prices for board and
lodging usually are, 1, in remote areas where food acceptable to foreigners
is relatively costly (e.g., $28.00 a week at the Barro Colorado Island Bio-
logical Laboratory in Panama) ; 2, in countries where the cost of living is
normally high (e.g., $15.21 a week at the Bermuda Biological Station for
Research, Inc.) ; or 3, in countries with an unfavorable rate of exchange
with the American dollar or British pound (e.g., $16.85 a week at the Bio-
logical Station of Helgoland). In the United States, the reasons for the
high costs of board and lodging at some stations are either their location in
relatively remote areas (e.g., $14.00 a week at the Science Summer Camp
of the University of Wyoming) or their location in parts of the country
where living costs are usually high (e.g., $10.50 a week at the Biological
Laboratory of the Long Island Biological Association).
Health and Recreation. Community hygiene is only considered a fac-
tor of importance at those biological stations which have a large number of
students and investigators in attendance. Most of the institutions outside
the United States have shown no special regard for the health of their
students or investigators, except in the case of tropical countries where this
Chronica Botanica 22 Volume IX (1945)
is more essential. The greatest care for the health of students and investi-
gators at any of these institutions has been taken at the Biological Station
of the University of Michigan. Here a physician is in residence to provide
medical service if the need should arise. He also supervises general camp
sanitation. A one-room hospital is also available at this station for any
person who may need temporary medical detention.
Many of the biological stations in the United States and a few of those
in other parts of the world provide organized recreational facilities for per-
sons in attendance. In most cases the recreation is in charge of the director,
often assisted by staff members and students. Excursions, picnics, camp-
fires, and dances are some of the recreational activities offered. One of the
results of the organized recreational activities at biological stations has been
the growth of a series of songs, either about life at the station or about the
biological forms studied.
Another result of the announced recreational activities at biological
stations (together with their location) is that some students, especially in
the United States, attend these institutions as much for a vacation as for the
instruction they will obtain. While the recreational activities at some sta-
tions do attract vacationists, those institutions which are sensitive to the
recreational needs of students and investigators do not have the frequent
problem of a general exodus of students from the station to a nearby town
each week-end in search of amusement.
Note: (1) An appreciation of the contribution of community life to the scien-
tific program of the Marine Biological Laboratory is given by E. G CON KLIN and
FRANK R. LILLIE in the latter's The Woods Hole Marine Biological Laboratory.
University of Chicago Press, pp. 170-76, 1944.
Instruction at Biological Stations: One of the primary purposes
for the operation of biological stations is the field instruction they offer.
More than one-half of the contemporary field stations offer some kind of
formal instruction in the biological sciences and related subjects to beginning
and advanced students. A number of these institutions also conceive within
the scope of their activity various kinds of public education, such as the
maintenance of public aquariums and museums.
Those field stations which offer formal instruction are of two types : the
so-called typical biological station which is equipped to offer both instruction
and research, and the biological nature camp which is devoted almost
wholly to instruction. In giving instruction, both kinds of institutions must
solve certain problems attendant to the course work, in addition to those of
equipment and living facilities. They must secure an adequate staff of
instructors. They must evolve an educational philosophy to decide the
course work to be given and the organization of the actual teaching. They
must decide on the actual courses to be offered. They must solve a series
of administrative problems related to curriculum practices, academic credit,
tuition, and scholarships. Lastly, they must occasionally analyze the stu-
dents they attract in order to compare the product of instruction with the
aims of instruction.
The Teaching Faculty. About 350 persons are engaged in teaching
activities at the various biological stations each year. While some of these
institutions have only one faculty member (e.g., Summer School of Bry-
Jack 23 Biological Stations
ology), the Marine Biological Laboratory has twenty-six. The average
number of faculty members for those stations which do have formal instruc-
tion is between three and four.
Education, Academic Position, and Specialization. Three out of four
faculty members of biological stations in continental United States have
their doctor's degree, and this figure is higher for those faculty members at
the field stations of most other countries. A few stations have no faculty
members with doctorates {e.g., Lake Enemy Swim Biological Station),
while the entire faculty of several of the larger field stations do have their
doctor's degrees (e.g., Scripps Institution of Oceanography).
The majority of faculty members are university professors, although
their occupations during the period of the year in which the station is not
in session vary from that of a retired high school teacher (i.e., Dr. A. J
GROUT of the Summer School of Bryology) to a United States National
Park Naturalist (i.e., C. A. HARWELL of the Yosemite School of Field
Natural History).
The majority of the faculty members of biological stations are zoologists.
Among the fields of specialization other than general zoology, botany, and
biology of the faculty members may be included oceanography, nature edu-
cation, geology, meteorology, and astronomy.
Institutional Inbreeding and Faculty Turn-over. During the regular
academic year a large proportion of the faculty at biological stations is
attached to the institution which sponsors the station. This is a type of
institutional inbreeding. Tn the United States, this practice varies from one
hundred per cent (i.e., Oceanographic Laboratories of the University of
Washington) to none, especially in those field stations which are autono-
mous and therefore do not have parent institutions. While it is often easier
for a field station to employ faculty members attached to its sponsoring
institution, a more qualified staff can often be obtained at least partially
from outside institutions.
Tn order to prevent complete inbreeding of their faculty, several of the
biological stations of the United States make a practice of employing instruc-
tors from outside institutions for one or several seasons. One station with
eleven faculty positions has had seven of these filled by different persons in
a space of four years. Another station (i.e., Michigan State College School
of Field Biology) with a faculty of three, has not had a change in its staff
for a period of eleven years.
A frequent change of faculty members does not usually increase the
quality of instruction, even though it may bring in a new point of view for
a time. Some of the best instruction at these institutions is given by those
persons who have taught at one station for many years, since most field
instruction demands as much knowledge of the particular environment
around the station as of the subject-matter itself. Yet while a slow faculty
turn-over is a definite asset to the quality of instruction at many of these
institutions, continuous teaching at any one station might retard the scien-
tific progress of a particular instructor. This whole problem of faculty turn-
over is one which few stations have answered successfully. One method of
solving this problem has been the granting of a periodic leave of absence to
Ghronica Botanica 24 Volume IX (1945)
the instructor and then keeping his position on the staff unfilled for the
period he is absent from the station.
Teaching Load. It is not easy to calculate the average teaching load
of faculty members while in residence at biological stations because the
teaching load is a function of the instructor's philosophy and method as well
as of the actual number of students, courses, or credits for which he is held
responsible. Of forty-nine United States stations, each faculty member in
general is responsible for about seventeen students, although this varies
from almost six students for each faculty member of the Marine Biological
laboratory to a theoretical number of sixty students for the one faculty
member of the Laguna Beach Marine Laboratory.
The average number of courses each faculty member teaches is often a
better criterion of teaching load than the average number of students, be-
cause course enrollments differ as widely within field stations as within
colleges or universities. At the typical field station the instructor is respon-
sible for teaching one course which, in the United States, averages between
four and five academic credit hours of work. This figure varies from one-
fifth of a course for each instructor (i.e., New Hampshire Nature Camp)
to three courses for the instructor (7 c., Merriconn Biological Laboratory).
The average teaching load of most faculty members at field stations is
such that they spend more than one-half of their time in teaching The
remainder of their time is spent in their own research or in supervising the
investigations of advanced students. Most of the faculty members of
American stations bring their wives and children with them to live at the
station and they spend, therefore, a portion of their time with their families.
Educational Philosophy. Once a biological field station has decided
to offer formal instruction, it must next evolve an educational philosophy to
determine the type of course work that it will give. Field stations have, in
general, followed one of two educational philosophies, although the majority
of stations offering formal instruction combine the two concepts as much
as they are able.
One type of station has adhered to an educational philosophy of offering
only advanced instruction, especially for persons preparing to receive ad-
vanced degrees or to become research investigators. While the Marine
Biological Laboratory is perhaps the outstanding example of such an insti-
tution, at least twenty-five other stations adhere to this policy.
The opposite practice is that held by the biological stations which believe
that field instruction should be of an elementary nature. This type of
station, of which almost all are in the United States, offers only elementary
courses for public school teachers and undergraduate students who have
neither the desire nor the training for extreme specialization.
That both philosophies of instruction at biological stations have a legiti-
mate appeal may be seen from the fact that more than one-half of the bio-
logical stations of the world which do offer instruction are prepared to give
courses both to elementary and to advanced students. And in actual prac-
tice, the instruction at biological stations is not only determined by their
educational philosophy, but also by their location, the instructors available,
and the potential student-body.
Jack 25 Biological Stations
Advanced Instruction. The biological stations which offer only ad-
vanced course work are located from Finland to Algeria, from Maine to the
southern part of California. The actual course-work offered by these insti-
tutions is often of a very advanced nature (e.g., advanced invertebrate em-
bryology at the Oceanographic Laboratories of the University of Washing-
ton), although several are intermediate courses and may be taken with only
one previous course in the biological sciences (e.g., entomology at the
University of Michigan Biological Station). The biological stations which
offer only advanced instruction may often be distinguished more by their
admission requirements than by the courses they offer. Graduate and occa-
sionally upper-class undergraduate students are admitted to these institu-
tions. Yet even students of these ranks may take certain courses only after
fulfilling certain prerequisites.
Elementary Instruction. At least eighteen biological stations offer only
elementary instruction. These institutions are, with the exception of the
Helgoland Bird Observatory, located in the United States. The courses
given at these institutions are usually in the fields of nature study and the
pedagogical training of nature-study teachers. The requirements for admis-
sion to these institutions are minimal, for the purpose of instruction is
generally to engender an appreciation and understanding of the outdoors by
means of field trips and observations. Several institutions in this category
are particularly interested in training special groups of persons, as teachers
in nature study (i.e., West Coast School of Nature Study) and leaders of
nature recreation (i.e., Virginia Natural History Institute Nature Leaders'
Training Course).
Combined Instruction. A majority of the biological stations which
consider at least a portion of their function to be instruction offer course
work to both advanced and elementary students. These institutions believe
that both the beginning and advanced student may receive inspiration and
instruction by being at the same biological station, if not actually attending
the same courses. The actual courses at these stations vary from those of
a very elementary nature (e.g., man and the living world at the Isles of
Shoals Marine Zoological Laboratory) to advanced ones with many hours
of prerequisites (e.g., parasitology at the Lake Itasca Forestry and Bio-
logical Station).
The requirements for admission to these biological stations which offer
both elementary and advanced instruction are relatively flexible. In general,
the requirements depend more upon the actual courses to be taken by the
student, than by his general academic rank. Some of these stations (e.g.,
Allegany School of Natural History) are open to "gifted high school stu-
dents" and others (e.g., Lake Itasca Forestry and Biological Station) are
"open to all qualified graduate students who have had the usual preliminary
courses in biological subjects/' The purpose of the instruction given by
institutions in this category also varies from fulfilling part of the science
requirements of "pre-professional students, such as pre-medical, pre-dental"
(i.e., Isles of Shoals Marine Zoological Laboratory) to assisting "persons
interested in the study, collection and determination of particular groups of
animals and plants" (i.e., Oregon Institute of Marine Biology).
Ghronica Botanica 26 Volume IX (1945)
The Courses. About two hundred and fifty courses are given by those
biological stations which offer some kind of formal instruction. Each insti-
tution offers an average of three courses a year, although the majority of
stations give only one course. The American stations tend to offer more
courses than those in other countries. One American station (i.e., Lake
Itasca Forestry and Biological Station), offers eighteen courses, while the
largest number of courses given by a station located outside the United
States is six (i.e., Marine Biological Station of the Tohoku Imperial Uni-
versity). Those stations offering only elementary instruction tend to give
the fewest number of courses, while those which give only advanced instruc-
tion offer the greatest number of courses, perhaps because of the specialized
needs and interests of advanced students.
Sciences Represented. Most of the courses offered by biological sta-
tions are naturally in the biological sciences. While the largest number of
courses are offered in zoology, the proportion varies from almost less than
one-half for the stations in the United States to less than one-fifth for those
institutions in other parts of the world. The inclusion of courses not within
the traditional limits of zoology, botany, or biology indicates that these insti-
tutions fully realize the need of exploring, by instruction as well as research,
the borderline fields between biology and the social sciences (e.g., nature
education) and biology and the physical sciences (e.g., marine meteorology).
Another need felt and realized at several stations is the integration of both
the physical and biological sciences into one field course at an elementary
level (e.g., nature study).
A classified list of the general fields in which course-work is offered at
one or more biological stations follows : protozoology, invertebrate zoology,
helminthology, entomology, ichthyology, ornithology, vertebrate zoology,
field zoology, animal ecology, economic zoology, parasitology, embryology,
comparative anatomy, algology, mycology, bryology, taxonomy of higher
plants, field botany, dendrology, plant ecology, plant physiology, plant
anatomy, plant morphology, plant histology, limnology, marine biology,
general ecology, general physiology, microbiology, wild life conservation,
biochemistry, paleobiology, oceanography, nature study, nature education,
geology, meteorology, chemistry, seismology, astronomy, and geography.
Types of Courses. Instruction at biological stations probably first
arose when college and university professors realized they could not teach
successfully about marine life a hundred or thousand miles away from the
sea. Instruction was first given at biological stations in subjects which
could not be thoroughly or scientifically taught (i.e., by observation and/or
experimentation) in the ordinary college or university campus laboratory
located often miles from a forest and even further from fairly uncontami-
nated seashore. Thus the first subjects to be taught at field stations were
1, the taxonomy of biological forms, for the whole kingdom (e.g., plant
taxonomy), for a special area (e.g., botany of the Alps), or for a special
group (e.g., bryology) ; and 2, the ecology of biological forms, either for a
whole kingdom (e.g., animal ecology), or for special environments (e.g.,
limnology).
As the research programs of biological stations became increasingly
concerned with physiological problems, courses in physiology were given
Jack 27 Biological Stations
at these institutions. At first these courses made good use of the living
organisms in the field station environment. This departure, however, from
the traditional type of course-work at field stations perhaps helped to lead
to the initiation of a whole series of courses offered by these institutions
which had less and less relation to the environment in which they were
located. Courses such as cell morphology, experimental surgery, and
histology-embryology appear in the catalogues of contemporary stations.
Today students often go long distances to attend a field station which offers
a course in a subject which may perhaps be better taught at a well-equipped
university campus in the center of a large city.
There are several reasons for the introduction of these so-called "labo-
ratory" courses at field stations. Some laboratory and lecture courses have
been given frankly to attract a sufficient number of students to make the
continuance of the station and especially of its field program possible. Such
courses, for example, have often been for pre-medical students, the latter
actually subsidizing the courses offered by the institution in the less popular
"field" subjects. A second reason for the introduction of courses often
unrelated to the station's biological environment is found in the station's
research program. Several stations are avowedly more concerned with
research than with instruction. The teaching they do offer is quite secondary
and dependent upon both the station's research program and the staff mem-
bers available as instructors. Thus the Biological Laboratory of the Long
Island Biological Association offers a course in experimental endocrinology
because it is one of the spheres of research upon which the laboratory has
decided to concentrate; also, a member of this station's staff is perhaps
more qualified to teach this subject than one more related to the environ-
ment in which the station is located. Other reasons for the offering of
laboratory courses at field stations, in the words of station officials, are "we
can get better work out of the student" and "there is a need for these courses
and they are given nowhere else."
Another trend is the use, at some stations, of indoor laboratory methods
even in field courses which may best perhaps be taught with so-called out-
door methods. Dr. CHARLES C. ADAMS once commented, "I have known
of cases where the field school merely repeated the city class work, only
using fresher material than in the city, and without the slightest idea that
this was not a sane procedure" 1 . Such observations have caused some
American biologists to believe that their students can often obtain better
field instruction and experience from courses on several university campuses
not too removed from "the field," than at some biological stations even in
isolated places.
The Subject Matter. While some courses offered by different biological
stations may have the same titles, their subject matter often differs greatly.
This divergence is most often due to the location of the station and to the
training of the instructor, although the educational philosophy of both the
station and instructor are important contributing factors. Because of their
small classes, biological stations can be remarkably sensitive to the needs of
their students. The courses given are often markedly altered once the
instructor knows the wishes of the students actually registered in any course
in a given year.
Ghronica Botanica 28 Volume IX (1945)
Administrative Problems. The instruction at biological stations is most
often organized into one, short session, beginning in June. Three-quarters
of these institutions which give instruction offer it at only one session a year.
Those stations which offer more than one session do so because of limited
classroom facilities (e.g., Zoological Station of the Netherlands Zoological
Society), because of the desire to give instruction at different times of the
year (e.g., West Coast School of Nature Study), or in order to give instruc-
tion in different localities (e.g., Oglebay Institute Nature Leaders Training
School). The largest number of sessions is offered by the Audubon Nature
Camp. This institution gives five two-week sessions each summer, the
desire being to train a large number of students rather than to teach one-
fifth the number five times as long.
The length of the sessions at biological stations ranges from one week
to nine. Almost one-third of the sessions are two weeks in length, while
about one-fifth are for a six-week period. The shortest sessions are usually
conducted by nature camps, while the longest ones are at those stations
offering only advanced instruction.
The time of the year when instruction is given at biological stations
depends upon a number of factors, of which the flora and fauna, the stu-
dents, and the faculty are most important. Instruction can only be given at
those times of year when the desired animal and plant forms can be ade-
quately studied in the field. Instruction in alpine botany, for example, can
usually not begin before July in the Alps, whereas marine biology may best
be studied along New England during August. The time of the year when
students and faculty members are normally free from their regular college
or university studies limits instruction at biological stations to the summer
vacation in the northern hemisphere. The stations in France and England,
however, have long made a practice of offering courses during the univer-
sities' Easter recess in April. This is a time which is fairly favorable for
the study of marine biology in those countries in Europe and it is also
during the student's term at the university an advantage because the
student can closely relate the field biology learned at the station to the
laboratory biology studied at the university. The West Coast School of
Nature Study is the only institution in the United States which has recently
attempted to give a session during the Easter recess.
June and July is the period of the year during which the greatest number
of sessions is given. October is the latest month in the year that a course is
offered at any biological station (i.e. f at the height of the autumn bird migra-
tion season a course in ornithology is given at the Rossitten Bird Ob-
servatory).
Academic Credit. In biology as well as in most other subjects, con-
temporary university students, especially in the United States, not only take
courses for the knowledge they receive, but also for the credit they may
obtain toward an academic degree. For this reason biological stations have
found it expedient to offer college credit for formal course work completed
by students at these institutions.
In the United States, about four-fifths of the biological stations offering
instruction have made arrangements for students satisfactorily completing
course wnrk tn obtain credit. Those field stations which are directly spon-
Jack 29 Biological Stations
sored by colleges and universities have the privilege of granting credit be-
cause of their connection to these institutions of higher learning. Biological
stations which are sponsored by institutions other than colleges or univer-
sities, or are only partially sponsored by them, often make arrangements
whereby work done at them is recognized by some nearby or affiliated col-
lege or university and is thus transferable to other such institutions through-
out the country. Some autonomous field stations use similar procedures to
obtain credit for their students. Ten field stations in the United States do
not offer academic credit. These range from institutions which offer instruc-
tion of a very advanced nature (e.g., Marine Biological Laboratory) to
those stations where the instruction is very elementary (e.g., Green Moun-
tain Nature Camp).
Tuition and Scholarships. Students are assessed tuition fees at most
biological stations. These fees are usually for instruction, and sometimes
include scientific supplies and transportation on field trips. The average
tuition at forty-six biological stations is the equivalent of $28.82. Tuition
costs range from $1.00 at the Nature Enjoyment Camp to $75.00 at the
Marine Biological Laboratory. This variation is due to a number of fac-
tors, the most evident of which is the length of the session. A base for
comparing the tuition is, therefore, that charged students per week. This
ranges from $.35 weekly at the Zoological Station of Tvarminne to $14.25
weekly at Science of the Out-of-Doors. The average weekly tuition is
$5.73, the amount being $4.57 for the ten stations outside the United States
about which information on the cost of tuition is stated.
At least fourteen biological stations regularly charge no tuition fees.
More than four-fifths of these are outside the United States. A number
of stations in the United States, however, offer tuition scholarships for
students who desire a diminution of fees either because of their scholastic
excellence or financial distress. These scholarships are either offered direct-
ly by the administration of the station or by organizations interested in the
work that the station is doing (e.g., two partial scholarships for students at
the Allegany School of Nature History have been provided by the Bur-
roughs- Audubon Nature Club of Rochester, New York).
The Student Body. Instruction is given at biological stations for the
benefit of students who take the formal course work. The type of instruction
offered is determined by the educational policy of the institution. At a
number of the smaller stations, however, it has been expedient to determine
this policy only after considering the desires of the potential and actual
student body of the station. This has necessitated a systematic estimation
if not an actual survey of the students who are attracted to each station.
Another use made of such an estimate is to ascertain to what degree the
student body, as the product of instruction of a station, compares with the
educational aims or assumptions of the institution.
The student body at most biological stations is characterized by its
heterogeneity. The students at any biological station, as at many other types
of educational institutions, may be found to vary in their sex 2 and age, in
their race 3 and nationality 4 , in their training and occupation, and in their
institutional connections. Thus persons enrolled in course work at many
Ghronica Botanica 30 Volume IX (1945)
larger stations include college professors and high school seniors, women
interested in becoming nature counsellors and men training for research in
theoretical science.
Public Education. Aquariums. In the nineteenth century, public
aquariums were often associated in the public mind with biological stations.
Even today thirty-four of these institutions maintain public aquariums.
Many of these were built during the nineteenth century. While this tradi-
tion of maintaining aquariums associated with biological stations is strong
in many parts of the world, it is not so in the United States. Only two
United States biological stations possess these displays (i.e., Scripps Insti-
tution of Oceanography and the Fisheries Biological Station at Beaufort,
North Carolina) .
While those biological stations which do have public aquariums are
naturally concerned with public education, many incorporate aquariums into
their function as a means of subsidizing the research work of the station.
This plan was first conceived by Dr. ANTON DOHRN and today the number
of visitors (and thus fees) received by the larger aquariums is substantial
The annual number of visitors to the aquariums of several large stations is
as follows: 180,000 at Monaco in 1938, 73,260 at Helgoland in 1937, 40,000
at Naples in 1937, 43,045 at Port Erin in 1938, and 32,000 at Plymouth in
1937. To supplement the observations of the public at these larger aqua-
riums, elaborate manuals describing the biological forms exhibited are often
issued.
Museums. These institutions are also occasionally sponsored by bio-
logical stations for public education. Most are marine museums associated
with marine aquariums. Other types include museums of systematic biology
(e.g., The George M. Gray Museum of the Marine Biological Laboratory)
and outdoor field museums (e.g.. Outdoor Museum of the Allegany School
of Natural History).
Botanical Gardens. Especially in alpine regions, botanical gardens are
operated in conjunction with biological stations. Eleven stations have such
public botanical gardens. In addition to alpine gardens, there are tropical
gardens (e.g., Foreigner's Laboratory at Buitenzorg) and Indian gardens
and nature trails (i.e., Allegany School of Natural History).
Public Lectures. Laboratory tours and public lectures are sometimes
included among the public education features of biological stations. The
Allegany School of Natural History, for example, scheduled a scries of
popular evening lectures once each week during the period that it was in
session. This attracted a number of interested persons from the vicinity.
Visiting days are also inaugurated at these institutions, both as educational
features and to concentrate visits (and thus limit distractions) from the
public to one day of each session.
Notes (1) From a letter, dated March 25, 1940, to the author. (2) Although
most biological stations today admit women students, co-education was a debatable
subject when these institutions were first established. Louis AGASSIZ, however, had no
misgivings about allowing women to register as students in the Anderson School of
Natural History. He once stated, "As soon as the number of students was limited,
we determined a question of no small moment, whether ladies should be admitted. In
my mind I had no hesitation from the start There were those about us whose opinion
I had to care for but did not know, so I thought the best way was not to ask it, but
Jack 31 Biological Stations
to decide for myself." Cf. American Naturalist 32:189-96, 1898. (3) Both colored
and white persons are generally admitted as students and investigators at biological
stations. The late Dr. ERNEST E. JUST, famous Negro biologist, spent many years at
Woods Hole (cf. Science 95 10-11) The few biological stations located in the South-
ern United States do not admit Negroes. These stations feel they must follow the
unjust mores of their region rather than lead in the application of scientific truth as they
lead in the investigation of scientific truth (4) The student bodies of biological
stations do not tend to be as international as the investigators at these institutions often
are. The language barrier is one reason for this, since a person studying formally in a
foreign country must be a better linguist than one doing research work. Another reason
is that the course work at biological stations is generally duplicated at these institutions
in many countries. There is not, therefore, the urgent need to cross national frontiers
for course work as there is to do so in order to carry out investigations with rare forms
or in unique environments. A third reason for the small proportion of foreign students
at most biological stations, compared to the number of foreign investigators, is that
most biologists have not attempted to excel as teachers. While an investigator might
cross the ocean to work under the direction of a noted scientist, a person is less inclined
to do so as a student, because there are fewer outstanding scientists with whom he may
work at a biological station as a beginner. In certain instances, however, some foreign
students may be found taking courses at biological stations. Systematic efforts should
be made to facilitate the exchange of biological station students across international
borders
Research at Biological Stations : Research is one of the primary
functions of biological stations. Almost nine-tenths of these institutions
offer research facilities. These are available to three types of persons:
staff investigators, independent investigators, and student investigators.
Several stations are prepared to accommodate all types, while others receive,
for example, only independent investigators. Whatever the practices of
the stations devoted to research, each type of investigator accommodated
demands certain facilities from the station, while it in turn makes certain
demands upon the investigator.
In addition to the living facilities and equipment offered to the different
types of investigators, many biological stations attempt to furnish certain
other opportunities to resident investigators and often also to research work-
ers quite removed from the station. These include facilities for publication,
supplies of biological specimens, and scientific symposia and conferences.
Research by Staff Investigators. A portion of the research work done
at almost nine-tenths of the biological stations is carried on by staff members
of these institutions. The remaining stations either offer formal instruction
exclusively, or are only prepared to offer facilities to visiting, independent
investigators. The staff investigators who do pursue research problems are
either permanent or part-time members, the latter often also giving formal
instruction or supervising student research at the station.
Almost one-half of the biological stations maintain a permanent research
staff. This practice varies with the customs of the countries in which these
institutions are located. All of the Russian stations, for example, have a
permanent staff, while none of the Algerian stations do. The larger coun-
tries with a high proportion of the field stations maintaining a permanent
staff include Italy, Spain, Germany, and England. Those countries with
a low proportion of stations with a permanent research staff have a com-
plementary high proportion of stations with part-time staff investigators.
Permanent Staff and Program. More than one hundred biological
stations have a permanent, year-round staff. The actual number of staff
members at these institutions varies from fifteen (i.e., Scripps Institution
Ghronica Botanica 32 Volume IX (1945)
of Oceanography) to one (e.g., Danish Arctic Station). The staff of more
than one-half of these stations is composed of only one or two members.
Only seventeen stations have five or more members of their permanent
research staff. In addition, most of the larger stations have a number of full-
time laboratory technicians, assistants, and administrative employees (espe-
cially librarians) who all aid in the research output of the institution.
The field stations which do have permanent staffs either do research on
general biological problems or, due to sponsorship or location, concentrate
their work in certain fields. Almost one-third of the stations specialize in
research in marine biology. Other major fields of specialization at these
institutions include fresh-water biology, fisheries, and oceanography.
Research institutions, especially in the more theoretical sciences, have
often failed to bring about the coordination of personnel to the degree which
some think to be necessary to make for the greatest efficiency in research.
While this is often due to limited funds and equipment, it is perhaps equally
due to lack of tradition for a type of teamwork in theoretical science that
is comparable to that accomplished by the more practical scientific research
institutions. At most biological stations with a permanent staff, the investi-
gators although staff members work quite independently and their
problems have little relation with each other. At a few biological stations,
however, and especially at those dealing at least in part with applied biology,
there is more of a closely correlated research program. There are evidences,
too, that this coordination is slowly spreading to more biological station
research programs.
The actual research programs of biological stations are too diverse for
adequate generalization. 1 It may be said perhaps that these programs have
attempted to keep abreast of the general trends in biological research,
although some have lagged behind while others have pioneered for the
science as a whole.
Part-time Staff and Program. More than one hundred biological sta-
tions have a part-time staff of investigators. These persons are usually
expected to do research during the period of the year that they are attached
to the station or to do as much research as they are able after giving formal
instruction or supervising student research at the station. The number of
staff members of these institutions varies from twenty-two persons (i.e.,
Marine Biological Laboratory) to one (e.g., Royal Hydrobiological Station
of Lake Trasimeno). Almost two-thirds of these stations have only one
or two investigators, and the average part-time staff consists of three mem-
bers. Twelve stations have five or more staff members, and ten of these
are located in the United States. In addition to staff investigators, these
institutions also employ part-time laboratory assistants and technicians to
aid the investigators with the more routine laboratory and field tasks.
The biological stations with part-time investigators have less of a spe-
cialized research program than even those institutions with permanent staffs.
The specialization of almost one-half of these biological stations with part-
time staffs is due to its location either on fresh bodies of water or on the
sea, while an additional one-third of these institutions pursue a research
program in general biology. A few of these stations center their researches
around such special fields as botany, ecology, or fisheries.
Jack 33 Biological Stations
If the research program at those biological stations with a permanent
staff is often uncoordinated, that at the institutions with a part-time staff
is generally more so. Frequently the part-time investigator, although invited
to undertake research work at the station, is also expected to supervise
student research and give formal instruction. In such cases, whatever
research the investigator does is secondary to any research program the
station may have. The part-time staff member becomes, in reality, an inde-
pendent investigator whose laboratory and often living fees are met by the
station. The result is that the investigator spends his time completing
previous research or inaugurating a project of his own interest which is
often unrelated to that of his colleagues at the field station. A few of the
institutions with part-time investigators do, however, have a well-correlated
research program. This is due either to the part-time staff spending its
full time in research or, less frequently, the retention of the same investigator
year after year a procedure not commonly adopted by most stations.
While stations in this category are characterized as institutions with a
part-time staff, this does not necessarily mean that they are closed for a
portion of the year. About one-quarter of these institutions are open
throughout the year. Such stations may be open to staff investigators on
a twelve-month basis, but the investigators are only hired on a part-time
arrangement.
Research by Independent Investigators. More than nine out of ten
biological stations offer research facilities to independent investigators. Of
the institutions which do not, a majority are biological nature camps which
are concerned usually with elementary instruction. A few institutions do
not admit visiting investigators because their limited budget can accommo-
date only members of their permanent staff (e.g., Pacific Biological Station)
or because the station is in the process of organization and has no facilities to
offer visiting investigators (e.g., Rocky Mountain Biological Station of the
University of Michigan).
The biological stations which offer facilities to visiting investigators have
various conditions for their admittance. Some institutions admit investi-
gators in any biological subject quite unreservedly and with few formalities.
Other stations carefully review the qualifications and proposed research
program of the applicant and then he or she is admitted only if the research
project coincides with the general aims of the station. In general, all sta-
tions at least want to know the problem the investigator will pursue and the
time of his arrival, so they can better prepare for his investigations.
After the independent investigator is admitted to a biological station, he
may or may not be assessed laboratory fees. More than one-half of the
biological. stations do not charge fees. About one-fifth of the institutions
have laboratory fees which range from five to fifteen dollars a month, while
another one-fifth charge monthly fees equivalent to more than fifteen dol-
lars. The most expensive fee is one hundred dollars a month (i.e., Mount
Evans Laboratory).
A method whereby a field station obtains income from the facilities it
offers, yet not from the individual investigator, is the so-called table system.
This is believed to have been inaugurated by the Zoological Station of
Naples. It has been adopted, with some alterations, by other institutions 2 .
Ghronica Botanica 34 Volume IX (1945)
As the laboratory fees or table arrangements differ, so do the facilities
which biological stations put at the disposal of the visiting investigators.
Some of the smaller stations permit the investigators to use whatever equip-
ment is available. Others attempt to give the research workers as much
complicated apparatus and as many special solutions as the institution can
afford. In addition, stations often supply the investigators with fresh ani-
mal and plant forms daily, if required. The facilities offered to investigators
and the procedures by which they may be obtained are often codified in the
form of laboratory rules.
In addition to laboratory facilities, visiting investigators are often given
certain concessions by virtue of their connections with some biological sta-
tions. Occasionally they are privileged to bring scientific apparatus into
the country in which the station is located duty free (e.g., Zoological Station
of Naples). Some stations obtain reduced transportation rates for research
workers (e.g., Bermuda Biological Station for Research, Inc.). Other
stations which are not able to provide full living facilities to investigators
also may obtain reductions in living costs at nearby hotels or restaurants for
them (e.g., Jungfraujoch Scientific Station).
In furnishing laboratory facilities to independent investigators, biological
stations do so with the implied agreement that the worker will do his best
to contribute to the progress of science. Most stations ask no more of the
investigator. Some of these institutions, however, expect that the investi-
gator will partially repay the station in one of several tangible ways. These
include identifying animal and plant forms, acknowledging indebtedness to
the station in printed reports of any work done at the station, compiling a
separate report of research undertaken, and donating reprints of any pub-
lished research to the station library.
The number of investigators who take advantage of the facilities offered
by biological stations varies with the time of the year and over longer
periods of time with economic and international conditions. About three-
quarters of tile stations which offer facilities to investigators of this type
are open throughout the year. As only a few independent investigators are
on year-round fellowships or sabbatical leaves of absence, the summer
months or short periods at Easter recess are the only time that the majority
of research workers are able to make use of these facilities. Asa rule, there-
fore, many of these stations are crowded in the summer months and if
open at all are quite empty in winter.
The maximum number of investigators which these institutions can
accommodate at any one time varies from two (e.g., Marine Laboratory of
the University of Sydney) to more than 250 (i.e., Marine Biological Labo-
ratory). More than two-thirds of these institutions accommodate no more
than ten visiting investigators. Those stations which have facilities for
more than twenty-five independent investigators include the institutions at
Bermuda, Salisbury Cove (Maine), Plymouth, Villefranche, Helgoland,
Naples, and Woods Hole (Marine Biological Laboratory).
The actual research work done by the independent investigator at bio-
logical stations is often in the field. There are instances, however, where
the investigations are carried on exclusively in the laboratory, often with
such forms as rabbits and mice. The investigations may be in a phase of
theoretical biology or in one of the applied or border-line fields. Some are
Jack 35 Biological Stations
life-time problems and others are projects which may be completed in a
few weeks.
Research by Advanced Students. Almost one-half of the biological
stations are known to be equipped to receive advanced students who desire
to do research work under direction. These institutions are, for the most
part, stations which offer formal instruction, although in some instance^
stations devoted exclusively to research provide for the training of research
investigators (e.g., Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution). The super-
visors of student research are usually faculty members also offering more
formal class-work, although they may be permanent or part-time staff
investigators who are qualified to direct research by their academic affilia-
tion or attainment.
The conditions under which students are admitted to do research under
direction vary considerably. A few stations allow undergraduate students
to undertake research (e.g., the Bowdoin Scientific Station is organized
primarily for this purpose). Most field stations, however, offer such facili-
ties only to graduate students who are working for a higher degree. Admis-
sion requirements in such cases usually coincide with those of the institu-
tions which grant the degree.
Since the research work done at biological stations is often under the
official direction of the institution which awards the advanced degree, the
fees for such supervision of student research are controlled usually by the
university concerned. These do not, however, differ greatly from those
charged students taking formal course work. A number of student investi-
gators are subsidized in their studies by fellowships and scholarships granted
by the universities to which they are attached. In addition, several biologi-
cal stations offer special fellowships to advanced student investigators.
The actual research done under supervision at biological stations includes
field and laboratory work in many branches of biology. Many of the prob-
lems are of a relatively limited scope, often being connected with the larger
work or interest of the supervising faculty member. Some of this research
is written up as theses in partial fulfillment for advanced university degrees.
In other instances, the studies are preliminary.
Facilities for Publication. Biological stations occasionally offer staff
and independent investigators opportunities for the publication of the results
of their researches. These facilities are in the form of serial publications
issued by the field station. A few of these serials are published bi-monthly
(e.g., Biological Bulletin of the Marine Biological Laboratory), while others
are issued annually (e.g., Bulletin of the Mount Desert Island Biological
Laboratory). A number are issued only occasionally (e.g., Fauna et Flora
Laurcntiariae of the St. Lawrence Biological Station).
The material in these publications of biological stations is generally
limited to reports of research undertaken at the station (e.g., Palao Tropical
Biological Studies), although sometimes they include papers reporting in-
vestigations conducted elsewhere (e.g., Der Vogelsug of the Rossitten Bird
Observatory). While most of the material in these serials is the result of
scientific work, space is devoted in some of these publications to reports of
the general work and financial condition of these institutions (e.g., Annual
Ghronica Botanica 36- Volume IX (1945)
Report of the Freshwater Biological Association of the British Empire).
The larger stations are able to separate the types of articles included in these
publications by issuing several kinds of serials (e.g., Thalassia and Note of
the Italian-German Institute of Marine Biology).
The oldest serial publication issued by any biological station is believed
to be the Fauna et Flora del Golfo di Napoli. This was first published by
the Zoological Station of Naples in 1880. The most recent serial bulletin
to be established by a biological station is the Publication of the Marine
Biological Station, Ghardaqa (1939). Several well-known publications of
biological stations have been compelled, for one or more reasons, to discon-
tinue or at least merge with other journals. These include Mittheilungen
aus der Zoologischen Station zu Neap el (which became Pubblicasioni dclla
Stasionc Zoologica after its twenty-second volume), Travaux du Labora-
toire de Zoologie et Physiologic maritime a Concarnean (which was discon-
tinued during the first World War), and Wissenschajtliche Meeresunter-
suchungen, Abth. Helgoland (which since June 1937 has been Helgoldnder
Wissenschajtliche Meeresuntersuchungen) .
In addition to providing publication facilities to research investigators,
biological stations are able to use these serials to obtain similar journals
from other scientific institutions by means of exchanges. Those stations
which do not publish serials occasionally issue a limited edition of collected
reprints of published research work done at the station (e.g., Collected Re-
prints of the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution). These, too, are
frequently used for exchange purposes.
The research papers of investigators at the biological stations which do
not publish scientific serials usually appear in the appropriate journals of
other scientific institutions or organizations. In some instances, certain
journals quite independent of the biological station often receive most of
the research papers originating from that station. Thus many articles de-
scribing the results of research undertaken at the Zoological Station of
Algiers appear in Bulletin de la Societe d'Histoire Naturelle Afrique du
Nord. Often an institution sponsoring a biological station publishes the
research work of that station in its scientific publications. Thus many of
the researches completed at the Allegany School of Natural History have
appeared in the various publications of the New York State Museum which,
for some years, was a co-sponsor of that station.
The Supply of Biological Specimens. A method by which biological
stations contribute to research and instruction is the collection and sale of
preserved and living biological specimens. Some biological stations were
organized because biologists for their research and instructional needs were
unable to obtain necessary biological forms. Laboratories were therefore
set up where these could be more easily obtained. Now some of these very
same laboratories are making it possible for biologists to receive living and
preserved specimens many hundreds of miles away from the natural envi-
ronment of these forms.
At least twelve biological stations have well-organized biological supply
departments. These include the stations located at Amoy, Plymouth, Wray
Castle, Helgoland, Krefeld, Ennur, Naples, Rovigno, Helder, Portobello,
Millport, and Woods Hole (Marine Biological Laboratory). Some of these
Jack 37 Biological Stations
departments do a relatively small annual business, although that of the
Marine Biological Laboratory had a gross income of almost $40,000 in 1938
Most of these supply departments issue some kind of price-list for prospec-
tive individual and institutional purchasers.
The disadvantage of this auxiliary service of a biological station is that
many of the materials must be collected in the immediate neighborhood of
the laboratory. The type of wholesale collecting which it is necessary for
most supply departments to do often negates the advantages, both financial
and scientific, of operating this service.
Scientific Lectures and Conferences. A method used by a few of the
larger biological stations to promote the advancement of science in general
is the sponsoring of scientific lectures and conferences. Some stations
schedule a series of scientific lectures to be delivered at the station by staff
members, visiting investigators, or special lecturers. These talks are some-
times about subjects of general biological interest, while at other times they
are on very specialized topics. In both cases, they result in a broadening
of the knowledge and interests of those research investigators attending
them. Often information on the results of unpublished scientific experi-
ments and observations are divulged for the first time at these talks.
Biological stations are occasionally hosts to various biological symposia,
conventions, and congresses. The Symposia on Quantitative Biology of
the Biological Laboratory of the Long Island Biological Association are
perhaps the most noted of such conferences to be sponsored by field stations
in recent years. While this symposium has been inaugurated by the station
and is an annual event, others are organized by independent scientific
organizations and convene at the biological station for only a single occasion.
When the Fourth Pacific Science Congress met in Java in 1929, the
Visitors' Laboratory at Buitenzorg was host to many visiting botanists.
In North America, the Genetics Society has held summer meetings at the
Marine Biological Laboratory for several years. Such conferences at bip-
logical stations often introduce students and investigators to the visiting
scientists and they, in turn, are introduced to the work and potentialities
of the station.
Notes. (1) A splendid account of the research program for the first twenty
years at one station is given by FRANK R. LILLIE: The Woods Hole Marine Bio-
logical Laboratory. University of Chicago Press, pp. 115-56, 1944. (2) These
table systems have helped to make possible the international exchange of investigators
at biological stations. Few systematic attempts have been made in peacetime to over-
come the normal difficulties of foreign research and thus facilitate the interchange
of investigators.
*****
The following directory brings together information on 271 biological
stations in fifty-nine political areas. The description of each station has
been necessarily limited to fit within the format of this study. An attempt is
made, however, to give at least the following enduring facts about each
station: the location, the name, the sponsoring organization, the purpose,
the unique equipment, and the name of its scientific publications. Less often
information is given on the biological surroundings of the station, the date
of foundation, and the time of year the station usually has been open (if
Chronica Botanica 38 Volume IX (1945)
normally closed for a portion of the year). Occasionally less permanent
but often indicative information is given, such as the annual budget, the name
of the director, the number of resident scientific investigators, the type and
size of boats, and a description of the course work offered. No attempt is
made to give the most recent information available on the names of staff
members, the number of menial employees, the size of the library, the cost
of board and lodging, the maximum number of students accommodated,
tuition costs, and the fees assessed independent investigators.
An attempt is also made to give for most stations a fairly complete listing
of existing bibliographic references to descriptions of them and their facili-
ties. Space has not been sufficient to give the titles, authors, and dates of
these articles, but for convenience the references are listed in chronological
order (the first given being the oldest). Perhaps the most consistently
useful descriptions of many of these institutions are found in the previous,
older catalogues of biological stations. These have been abbreviated in this
directory as follows :
Chronica Botanica ..Chronica Botanica Co Leyden, Zuid-Holland and Waltham,
Massachusetts. Vol I (1935) seq
DEAN 1894 DEAN, BASHFORD Notes on marine laboratories of Europe Report
of the Smithsonian Institution for 1893 505-19, 1894.
JUDAY 1910 JUDAY, CHANTEY Some European biological stations. Transactions
of the Wisconsin Academy of Sciences, Arts, and Letters 16:1257-77, 1910.
KOFOID 1910 . . KOFOID, CHARLES ATWOOD The biological stations of Europe. United
States Bureau of Education Bulletin 1910(4) -1-360, 55 pis, 48 figs. 1910.
LENZ 1927 . . . . LENZ, F. Limnologische Laboratonen Handbuch der Biologischen
Arbcitsmethoden 9, 2(1) :1285-1368, 1927.
MAGRINI 1927 . . . MAORI NI, G Instituts et laboratoires s'occupant de 1'etude de la mer.
Conseil International de Recherches, Union Geodesique et Geophysique Interna-
tionale, Section d'Oceanographie, Bulletin 7*1-115, 1927.
RICKER 1937 RICKER, W. E. Glimpses at fishery biology and fish culture in Europe.
Progressive Fish Culturist 31:29-33; Ibid. 32.12-15; Ibid. 34:12-14, 1937.
SAND 1898 . SAND, RENE. Les laboratoires maritime* de zoologic Revue de
1'Universite de Bruxelles 3 23-47, 121-51, 203-35, 1898.
SCOURFIELD 1905 SCOURFIELD, D. J Fresh-water biological stations Jour Quekett
Micro. Club II, 9(56) .129-36, 1905.
Turtox.... General Biological Supply House Biological field work 1928-32, 1934,
1935, 1937. Chicago, Illinois
VAUGHAN 1934... VAUGHAN, T. W. Catalogue of marine stations of the Pacific.
International Commission on the Oceanography of the Pacific, Report of the Chair-
man. Fifth Pacific Science Congress Proceedings 1 :361-80, 1934.
VAUGHAN 1937 VAUGHAN, T. W. Catalogue of institutions engaged in oceano-
graphic work. In International aspects of oceanography (T. W. VAUGHAN and
others ) 225 pp. Washington National Academy of Sciences. 1937, pp 73-225.
DIRECTORY of BIOLOGICAL STATIONS
It must be re-emphasized that, with few exceptions, the descriptive
accounts given here are corrected to 1940 before World War II became
world-wide. As the war progressed, many of these institutions curtailed
their activity and some even suspended operation. Despite these changes
wrought by the war, it has been thought useful for biologists and others to
have a picture of these institutions at perhaps the peak of their operation
(1939-40)*.
ALASKA
Little Port Walter (Baranof Island) : Field Laboratory of the United States
Fish and Wildlife Service: About 18 miles from the open ocean, \\ith one stream
flowing into the bay and that originating in a series of mountain lakes Established in
1941 by the U S. Fish and Wildlife Service for the study of the natural reproduction of
pink salmon. Laboratory and living facilities are available for visiting biologists. Cf.
Science 94-295.
ALGERIA
Algiers: Station Zoologique d'Alger: Founded in 1888, this institution is con-
ducted by the Faculty of Sciences of the University of Algiers. There is a two-story
laboratory building. Cf. La Nature 16(2) :327-30; SAND 1898; VAUGH\N 1937.
Beni Oumf- Laboratoire de Biologic Saharienne: Situated in a stony desert
near a date palm oasis and ten miles from the mountains of Morocco. Founded in 1930
and attached to the Faculty of Sciences of the University of Algiers. The building con-
tains four laboratories and a herbarium. Cf. Chronica Botanica 1938.
Maison-Carree. Station Botanique de Maison-Carree.
ARGENTINA
Quenquen. Estacion de Biologia Marina del Museo Argentine de Ciencias Natu-
ral es de Buenos Aires.
AUSTRALIA
Cronulla (New South Wales) : Commonwealth Fishery Research Laboratories:
Sponsored by the Council for Scientific and Industrial Research of the Commonwealth
of Australia. There are two large, well-equipped laboratory buildings. Two-ton truck
available as a mobile laboratory for coastal work. Several large boats available, includ-
ing 82-foot, 138-ton M. V. Warreen Cf Nature 144:312-13; VAUGHAN 1937.
Narrabccn (New South Wales) . Biological Field Station of the Sydney Univer-
sity Biological Society: Founded in 1934 and sponsored by the Sydney University
Biological Society. In a suburb of Sydney, where there are laboratory and living ac-
commodations... Cf. Nature 134 .602, 623 ; Chronica Botanica 1 81 ; Ibid. 2 73.
Port Jackson (New South Wales) . Marine Laboratory of the University of
Sydney: Situated in Sydney harbor and equipped for research and instruction in
marine biology and oceanography Sponsored by the Department of Zoology of the
* Beyond the scope of this directory are accounts of the numerous biological
stations of the past (cf. supra, p. 10-11). Dr. VERDOORN has expressed his willing-
ness to publish a historical account of these stations. Much material concerning
them may be found in my manuscript thesis (cf. supra, p. 5). In the CHRONICA
BOTANTCA ARCHIVES there is a file of several thousand cards dealing with the history
of botanical gardens, museums, etc. This includes quite some data concerning early
biological stations (cf. CHRONICA BOTANICA 8-445).
Chronica Botanica 40 Volume IX (1945)
University of Sydney with funds contributed also by the Australian Research Council
and the Commonwealth Council for Scientific and Industrial Research. 13-ton auxiliary
yacht with oceanographical apparatus available. Cf, Science 74 :202 ; VAUGHAN 1934 ;
VAUGHAN 1937.
BELGIUM
Os tend: Institut Maritime de Belgique: Founded in 1900, reorganized in 1935
and now connected with the Royal Museum of Natural History of Brussels. Re-
search published in Annales de 1'Institut Maritime de Belgique. Cf. VAUGHAN 1937.
Rouge-Cloitre (Brabant) : Laboratoire de Biologie Lacustre.
Sourbrodt: Station Scientinque des Fagnes: Located in the bogs of the Belgian
Ardennes at an altitude of 2,211 feet. Founded in 1928 by the University of Liege and
under the supervision of Professor RAY. BOUILLENNE. The station is open normally
from June to October and both laboratory and living accommodations are available.
Cf Bull. Soc. Roy. Bot. Belg. 58 :20-24 ; Chronica Botanica 1 -93 ; Ibid. 2 .85.
BERMUDA
St. George's: Bermuda Biological Station for Research, Inc. : Founded in 1903
at Flatts, Bermuda and moved to present location in 1932. Sponsored to offer facilities
for research in biology and oceanography in the Bermuda region by an international
board of trustees on which are representatives from Bermuda, England, Canada, and
the United States. The 12-acre plant includes complete laboratory and living facilities
Oceanographic research vessel, Culver, attached to the station, as is a 24-foot launch.
Investigators may obtain reduced steamship rates and exemption from paying customs
on their scientific supplies and equipment. Station publications: report of the officers;
contributions, Bermuda Biological Station for Research, Inc. (1931- ) ; and Collected
Reprints, Bermuda Biological Station for Research, Inc Cf. Chambers Jour.
6(7) :783-84; Pop. Sc. 66:393-411, 556-72; Science 65:128-30; Ibid. 73:488-89; Ibid.
75:133-36; Nature 139:948-51; Science 89:28; Ibid. 94:319; Chronica Botanica 1935;
Ibid. 1936; Ibid. 1938; Turtox 1937; VAUGHAN 1937.
BRAZIL
Alto da Serra: Estagao Biologica do Depto. de Botanica do Estado: Near Sao
Paulo at an altitude of 2,400 feet in a virgin sanctuary for native animals and plants.
Founded in 1909 and now supervised by Professor F. C. HOEHNE. Cf. Ber.
Deutsch. Bot Ges. 50:154-64; Scientific Monthly 25 -5-8; Chronica Botanica 1935;
Ibid. 1936.
Itatiaia (Rio de Janeiro) : National Park and Biological Laboratory.
BULGARIA
Varna: Biological Station and Aquarium: Situated on the Black Sea near a
rocky and sandy shallow-water zone which is rich in animal and plant life and thus
equipped for research and instruction in marine biology. Begun in 1906 but not opened
until 1932 and now sponsored by the University of Sofia. There is a 3-story laboratory
building which contains a public aquarium, research laboratories, dormitories, and a
library. Courses are offered in hydrobiology and natural history for teachers. Sta-
tion publication: Arbeiten aus der Biologischen Meeres-station am Schwarzen Meer.
Cf Int. Rev. Hydrobiol. 1:745-46; Ibid. 29:157-58; JUDAY 1910; KOFOID 1910.
CANADA
Algonquin Park (Ontario) : Ontario Fisheries Research Laboratory.* Sponsored
by the University of Toronto for research of fisheries resources. Founded in 1919-
20, the laboratory was moved to present site in 1936 and now is under the direction of
Professor WILLIAM J. K. HARKNESS. Laboratory and living accommodations are
available. Station publication: University of Toronto Studies, Biological Series.
Publications of the Ontario Fisheries Research Laboratory ( 1922- ) .
Kent Island (New Brunswick): Bowdoin Scientific Station: Founded in 1935
by WILLIAM A. O. GROSS of Bowdoin College (U.S.A.) to inspire research in biology
and meteorology by undergraduates. Six, well-equipped buildings are available for
Jack 41 Biological Stations
research from June fifteenth to September fifteenth. Station publications: Contribu-
tions from the Bowdoin Scientific Station (1938- ) ; and annual report (mimeo-
graphed ). C/. Natural History 37:195-210.
Nanaimo (British Columbia): Pacific Biological Station: Sponsored by the
Fisheries Research Board of Canada for scientific investigation of marine and fresh-
water problems. Dr. W. A. CLEMENS directs the large plant, which includes many
well-equipped laboratories, museum, library, dormitory, kitchen, and staff offices. A
60-foot boat is available for oceanographical investigations Cf. Proceedings and
Transactions of the Royal Society of Canada 3(2) :lxxiii-lxxiv; Fifth Pacific Science
Congress 1:200; MAGRINI 1927; Turtox 1937; VAUGHAN 1934; VAUGHAN 1937.
St. Andrews (New Brunswick) : Atlantic Biological Station: Sponsored by the
Fisheries Research Board of Canada to provide facilities for research on fresh and
salt-water fisheries. It is on the shore of a deep, tidal estuary of the St. Croix River.
There are several laboratory buildings, experimental aquarium tanks and pools, a 90-
foot diesel-engine research vessel, Zoarces, and a 28-foot vessel, Delphine. Cf. Pro-
ceedings and Transactions of the Royal Society of Canada 2(4) :xiii; Ibid. 2(5) .xxi-
xxii; Ibid. 2(6)xiii-xv; MAGRINI 1927; Turtox 1937; VAUGHAN 1937. Bot. Gaz.
27:79.
Trots-Pistoles (Province of Quebec)- Station Biologique du St.-Laurent:
Located on the south shore of an estuary of the St. Lawrence River for the purpose of
studying the hydrography, flora, and fauna of the region. Founded in 1931 by Laval
University and now sponsored by this institution. Professor ALEXANDRE VACHON
directs the work of this station which consists of a 2-story laboratory building and
the 50-foot boat, Laval. Station publications. Rapports annucls (1932- ); Con-
tributions de la Station Biologique du Saint Laurent (1932- ); Fauna et Flora
Laurentianae ( 1936- ). Cf. VAUGHAN 1937.
CAROLINE ISLANDS
Korror Island: Palao Tropical Biological Station: Sponsored by the Japanese
Society for the Promotion of Scientific Research for research in the biology of coral
reef*. Professor S. HATAI is the director of the station which is housed in a one-story
building. Station publication: The Palao Tropical Biological Studies. Cf. Nature
140:735; VAUGHAN 1937.
CE YLON
Colombo: Fisheries Research Station.
Peradeniya : Visitors* Lab. of the R. Botanic Garden.
CHILE
Corral: Estacion de Oceanografia.
CHINA
Amoy (Fukien Province) : Amoy Marine Biological Station: (This station has
moved inland to Tingchow for the duration.) Founded in 1934 to promote the study
of marine biology by the University of Amoy. Professor T. Y. CHEN is director of
the station which offers a course in marine biology during the summer months.
Station publications- Amoy Marine Biological Bulletin; Annual Report of the Amoy
Marine Biological Station (in Chinese). Cf. Science 72:429-30; VAUGHAN 1934;
VAUGHAN 1937.
Sen-Kia-Men (Chusan Islands, Chekiang) ; Tinghai Marine Station: Founded
in 1936 for biological and oceanographic research and later sponsored by the National
Research Institute of Biology. Cf. VAUGHAN 1934; VAUGHAN 1937.
Tsingtao (Shantung): Tsingtao Marine Biological Station: Sponsored by the
Academia Sinica and several other societies. The building was started and almost
completed in July 1937, when the war started.
Ghronica Botanica 42 Volume IX (1945)
CUBA
Habana. Institute for Marine Biology: The establishment of a new institute
of marine biology has recently been authorized by the Dept. of Agriculture of the Govt.
of Cuba. It is being located at Castillo de la Punta. The institute will include a
library, a museum, a div. of "industrial experimentation", etc.
Soledad: Atkins Institution of the Arnold Arboretum : - Founded in 1898 by EDWIN
F. ATKINS and now sponsored by Harvard University for tropical research in botany
and zoology. Professor THOMAS BARBOUR directs the work of the station which is
housed in one well-equipped laboratory building. There are separate living quarters
and a 200-acre botanical garden devoted to the cultivation of economic plants. There
are accommodations for six investigators at one time. Cf. Science 59 433-34 ; Jour,
of Heredity 15:451-61; Bui. Pan-American Union 70:631-38; Sci Mon 51.140-46;
Science 94 :534.
CZECHOSLOVAKIA*
Blatna' Station fur Hydrobiologie und Fischzucht an den Lnareteichen : Cf.
LENZ 1927; Chronica Botanica 1936.
Hirschberg [Doksy] (Bohmen) : Station Hirschberg a. See der Reichsanstalt
fur Fischerei : Founded in 1905 by Dr. VIKTOR LANGHANS for hydrobiological
research. Dr. TRUDE SCHREITER directs the work of the station which is housed in a
3-story building. Cf. Verein der Naturfreunde in Reichenberg 60.46-49; KOFOID
1910; LENZ 1927.
Krtiny (Moravia) : Biologicka Stanice Ceskych Vysokychskol Brnenskych: Spon-
-ored by the Czechoslovakian Academy of Sciences and the Ministry of Education for
research in general biology in a region of hilly lands and ponds Cf LENZ 1927 ;
Chronica Botanica 1935.
S amor in (near Bratislava): Biologicka Stanice Komenskeho University: Cf
Chronica Botanica 1936.
Strbske Pleso (Vysoke Tatry) : Geobotanical Station of the Czechoslovakian
Botanical Society: Founded in 1931 and now sponsored by the Czechoslovakian
Botanical Society for research in botany, ecology, and phyto-sociology. Station open to
investigators from May first to November first.
Vclke Mesirici (Mahren) : Die Franz Harrach'sche Station fur Fischerei und
Hydrobiologie: Founded in 1928 by FRANZ HARRACH and now an independent insti-
tution. There is one, well-equipped building.
DENMARK
Charlottenlund Slot (Copenhagen): Dansk Biologisk Station :- Situated on the
narrow sound separating Denmark from Sweden south of the Kattegat, with a fresh-
water annex at Frederiksdal. Sponsored by the Danish Ministry of Agriculture and
Fisheries for investigations on marine and fresh-water problems Dr. H. BLEGVAD
directs the work of the station, which has a budget of 140,000 Kroner Laboratory
headquarters are in Charlottenlund Castle 143-ton research steamer, Biologcn, avail-
able for research problems between April first and October twentieth. Station publica-
tion: Report of the Danish Biological Station (1890-91- ). C/. Revue Generate
des Sciences 47.623-30; SAND 1898; KOFOID 1910; MAGRINI 1927; VAUGHAN 1937;
RICKER 1937
Frederikshavn: Universitetets Havbiologiske Laboratorium.
Hillerjd: Universitetets Ferskvandsbiologiske Laboratorium: Situated on the
shore of shallow Frederiksberg Castle Lake for the purpose of research and instruction
in freshwater biology. Sponsored by the University of Copenhagen under the direction
of Professor KAJ BERG. There is a 2-story, well-equipped laboratory building A 3-
week course is offered in summer to university students in fresh-water biology. Cf.
Int. Rev. Hydrobiol. 3:128-35; Arch fur Hydrobiol. 32(4) :l-6; SCOURFIEI.D 1905;
KOFOID 1910, JUDAY 1910; LENZ 1927; RICHER 1937.
Noudby (Skalling Peninsula): Skalling-Laboratoriet: Sponsored by the Carls-
berg Foundation for investigations of marshes, dunes, and sandflats. Two field labora-
tories are available to investigators, one in Noudby Harbor and another on Skalling
Peninsula Station publication: Meddelelser fra Skalling-Laboratoriet (1935- ).
* Territorial boundaries as of August 1938
Jack 43 Biological Stations
EGYPT
Alexandria: Fouad I Institute of Hydrobiology and Fisheries: Founded in 1931
and now sponsored by the Egyptian Ministry of Commerce and Industry for research
on the marine and fresh-water fishes of Egypt. Dr. HUSSEIN FAOUZI is the director
of a staff of five research assistants. The 3-story laboratory building contains a public
aquarium, offices, library, museum, and many well-equipped laboratories. Services of
the government, 42-meter Mabahiss, are available. Station publication: Notes and
Memoirs of the Fouad I Institute of Hydrobiology and Fisheries (1933- ). Cf.
Int. Rev. Hydrobiol. 30:383; Nature 141:1107; VAUGHAN 1937.
Ghardaqa: Marine Biological Station of the Fouad I University: Founded in
1930 by Dr. CYRIL CROSSLAND for the Faculty of Science of the Fouad I University.
On the Red Sea, at the most northernly extension of the Indo-Pacific fauna. Every
variety of coral reef is to be found within easy reach of the station. There are several
well-equipped laboratory and living buildings. Boats are available. The station is open
throughout the year, although optimum climatic and collecting conditions are during
the summer months. Station publications: Announcement; Publications of the Marine
Biological Station, Ghardaqa (1939- ). Cf. Nature 126: 991-93; Ibid. 134:743-44;
Chronica Botanica 1935 ; VAUGHAN 1937.
Helio polls (Cairo) : Institute of Desert Researches.
EIRE
Lough Ine (Skibbercen, County Cork)- Cork University Biological Station:
On a tidal marine lough communicating with the sea by a very narrow-stepped channel.
Founded in 1925 by Professor Louis P. W. RENOUF and now sponsored by University
College, Cork, for the purpose of working out the ecology of the immediate neighbor-
hood and providing research facilities to visiting biologists. Courses offered in marine
biology and ecology. Cf Journal of Ecology 19(2) :410-38.
ENGLAND
Amblesidc (Westmoreland) : Laboratory of the Freshwater Biological Association
of the British Empire: Founded in 1929 to promote the investigation of the biology
of the animals and plants found in fresh (and brackish) waters. Sponsored by the
Freshwater Biological Association of the British Empire with a budget of 4,084. Dr
E. B. WORTHINGTON is director of a staff of seven resident investigators The station
is housed in Wray Castle and is equipped with modern laboratory and living facilities.
A course is offered in the principles of freshwater biology. Station publications: An-
nual Report of the Freshwater Biological Association of the British Empire ; Scientific
Publication (1939- ). Cf. Science 72:554; Nature 125:241-42; Science 76:248;
Nature 130:140; Int. Rev. Hydrobiol. 30 247-50; Nature 142:238, Chronica Botanica
1938 and 1939.
Blakcney Point (Norfolk): Blakeney Point Research Station: Situated on a
peninsula on the Norfolk coast, with sand dunes, salt marshes, and mud flats easily ac-
cessible. Founded in 1913 for research in the ecology and ornithology of the region.
Station publications: Blakeney Point Publications (1912- ) ; Occasional Reports of
the Blakeney Point Research Station (usually appearing in the Transactions of the
Norfolk and Norwich Naturalists' Society).
Cullercoats (Northumberland): Dove Marine Laboratory : Founded in 1897 by
Prof. ALEXANDER MEEK and now sponsored by Armstrong College of the University
of Durham, with A. D. HOBSON as director. The 2-story laboratory building contains
rooms for the" classes held each Easter holiday. Station publication' Dove Marine
Laboratory Report. Cf. JUDAY 1910; KOFOID 1910; MAGRINI 1927; VAUGHAN 1937
Plymouth: Plymouth Laboratory of the Marine Biological Association of the
United Kingdom: The Devon and Cornwall shore line supports an extensive and
varied fauna which is exposed by the considerable rise and fall of the tide The station
was established in 1884, opened in 1888, with additions erected in 1920, 1922, 1926, and
1939. It is sponsored by the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom
on a budget of 16,000 annually. Dr. STANLEY KEMP is director and there are twelve
resident members of the staff. The plant consists of three, well-equipped laboratory
buildings which contain a public aquarium, a 20,000-volume library, biological supply
Chronica Botanica 44 Volume IX (1945)
sales department, classrooms, and research laboratories. The 88-foot steamer, Salpa,
is equipped for trawling and plankton work and the 25-foot motorboat, Gammarus, is
also available. Courses in marine biology are offered during the Easter and autumn
vacations. Laboratory accommodations are available for thirty investigators in addi-
tion to the resident staff. Station publications: Journal of the Marine Biological As-
sociation of the United Kingdom ( 1889- ) ; Report of the Council ; Syllabus of the
Course in Marine Biology ; Guide to the Plymouth Aquarium. Cf. The Times, Lon-
don, March 31, 1884; Ibid. April 1, 1884; Nature 30:40, 82, 323, 350-51 ; Jour. Marine
Biol. Assoc. 1:96-104; Nature 38:16-17; Ibid. 38:198-200; Ibid 38:236-37; Jour. Ma-
rine Biol. Assoc. 15:734-828; New Statesman 28-105-06; Science 76-586; Ibid. 93:445;
DEAN 1894 , SAND 1898 ; JUDAV 1910 ; KOFOID 1910 ; MAGRINI 1927 ; Chronica Botanica
1935; Ibid. 1936; VAUOHAN 1937.
Port Erin (Isle of Man) : Marine Biological Station at Port Erin: On the Isle
of Man in the middle of the Irish Sea and organized to provide research and instruc-
tional facilities in marine biology Sponsored by the Department of Oceanography of
the University of Liverpool with Prof. J. H ORTON as director. There is a well-
equipped, 2-story laboratory building and one 20-foot motorboat. Courses are given
by professors of public schools and universities who come to the station with their
classes for 2-week sessions, usually during the Easter recess. Station publications'
Report of the Marine Biological Station at Port Erin (1888- ) ; Memoirs on Typi-
cal British Marine Plants and Animals of the Liverpool Marine Biological Committee
(1899- ) ; Proceedings and Transactions of the Liverpool Biological Society
(1886- ); General Regulations for Students Cf Int Rev. Hydrobiol 1 740-45;
Nature 82:32 1-22; Proc Trans Liverpool Biol Soc. 34 23-74; Nature 146-58; Science
95.473; DEAN 1894; SAND 1898; JUDAY 1910, KOFOID 1910; MACRINI 1927; Chronica
Botanica 1936; VAUGHAN 1937.
Pottfrne (Wilts.) Potterne Biological Station: Cf Chronica Botanica 1.178,
Ibid. 2-190.
Southampton Southampton Fisheries Station: On the River Itchen \vithin easy
access to a large variety of water conditions Founded in 1932 as the Avon Biological
Research Station by University College, Southampton, and now sponsored also by
the Freshwater Biological Association of the British Empire Station publication
Annual Report of the Avon Biological Survey (1932- ) Cf. Chronica Botanica
1939.
ESTONIA
Tartu ' Kuusnomme Bioloogia Jaam.
FINLAND
Tvanmnnc' Station Zoologique de Tvarminne: Readily accessible to the station
is open sea (the Gulf of Finland) and also a long, fiord-like bay. Founded in 1902
and now sponsored by the University of Helsingfors with Prof. AILXANDRR LUTHER/
as director. There is a 2-story building which is open to independent investigators
from May fifteenth to September tenth. 3-week courses are given in aquatic zoology,
hydrology, and plant physiology. Cf. LENZ 1927; Jahresb. Westpr Bot.-Zool. Ver
47.67-68.
FRANCR
Ai.r-les-Hains (Savoie) Station d'Etudes Hydrobiologiques du Lac du Bourget:
In a region of many large and small lakes, two large rivers, and easily accessible to the
lakes of higher altitude in the Savoian and Dauphin Alps. Sponsored by the National
School of Waters and Forests at Nancy to facilitate biological researches on the
fresh-water lakes in France The 2-story building contains a public aquarium, library,
research laboratories, and living rooms. Open from April to October to qualified
investigators. Cf. La Nature, Paris 65(1) :401-03.
Ambletciise (Pas-de-Calais) Station Biologique de 1'Universite Catholique de
Lille (Laboratoire Charles Maurice): Established in 1895 by Prof. CHARLES
MAURICE and now sponsored by the Catholic University of Lille. There is a laboratory
building and also a chalet used for living accommodations. Cf. KOFOID 1910; MAGRINI
1927.
Arcachon (Gironde) : Station Biologique d'Arcachon: Initiated in 1863 and spon-
sored by La Societe scientifique d'Arcachon. with Prof. H. SIGALAS as director. The
Jack 45 Biological Stations
two buildings contain a public aquarium, museum, well-equipped research laboratories,
and living accommodations. A 31-foot motorboat is available. Station publications:
Bulletin de la Station Biologique d'Arcachon (1895- ) ; Reglement des Laboratoires.
Cf. DEAN 1894; SAND 1898; KOFOID 1910; MAGRINI 1927; VAUGHAN 1937.
Bagneres-dc-Btgorre (Hautes Pyrenees) : L'Institut et Observatoire de Physique
du Globe du Pic-du-Midi : On the summit (9,437 feet) of a mountain in the Pyrenees.
Sponsored by the University of Toulouse to aid scientists in making available to
them laboratory and living facilities for research in physics and biology in high alti-
tudes. The two weather-proof buildings contain well-equipped laboratories, library,
and living quarters.
Banyuls-sur-Mer (Pyrenees Orientales) : Laboratoirc Arago de Banyuls-sur-
Mer : Sponsored by the Faculty of Sciences of the University of Paris for research
and instruction in marine biology. Prof. E. CHAT ION is director and there is a resi-
dent scientific staff of three persons The plant contains a public aquarium, museum,
library, classrooms, living accommodations, and well-equipped laboratories A two-
\vtek course in marine biology is given usually during the Easter vacation and again
in September. C/. Revue Scientifique 3(l):577-79; Arch. Zool. 1(9) 563-98; Revue
Scientifique 35371-74; La Nature, Pans 1497-99, Revue Scientifique 47.673-80;
Revue des deux Mondes 120 168-86; Arch Zool. 3(3) 1-42; Ibid. 3(6):l-35, Ibid.
3(9) -1-42, Cosmos 55 367-70; Revue Scientifique 70 750-53; DEAN 1894; SAND 1898,
JUDAY 1910; KOFOID 1910; MAGRINI 1927; VAUGHAN 1937
Besse (Puy -de-Dome) : La Station Biologique de Besse: At an altitude of 3,444
feet, in a region of more than 20 lakes of glacial and volcanic origin. Sponsored
by the Faculty of Sciences of the University of Clermont for the purpose of studying
the flora and fauna of the mountains, especially the limnology of the waters. The
laboratory building contains living facilities and also classrooms for the two-week
course given for university students in biology. Station publication- Arvernia
Biologica (including Annales de la Station Limnologiquc de Besse). Cf Revue
Inter, de 1'Enseignement 39 128-31, Ann. Biol. Lacustre 1.1-32, Revue generate
Scientifique 37 '613-14, La Natuie, Pans 64(2) 358-60, KOFOID 1910; LENZ 1927,
Chronica Botamca 1939.
Ccvcnncs Laboratoire de Montagne de I'Aigoual (Universite de Montpellier) :
According to Dr and Mrs VFRDOORN, who visited this in 1932, without laboratory-
facilities.
Concarncau (Finistere, Brittany) Laboratoire de Zoologie et de Physiologie Marl-
times du College de France: Founded in 1859 by Prof COSTE and now sponsored by
the College of France at Paris The purpose of the institution is to facilitate research
in pure and applied marine biology The 2-story building is well -equipped and the
scientific work is under the direction of Dr R. LKGENDRE Cj Nature 29 16-17, Ann
Soc Belg. Micro. 28 1-44; Revue Scientifique 70750-53; DEAN 1894; SAND 1898,
KOH>ID 1910; MAGRINI 1927; VAUGHAN 1937.
Dinard (I lie et Vilaine) . Laboratoire Maritime du Museum National d'Histoire
Naturelle: At the mouth of the River Rancc, with pronounced tides. Founded in
1882 and now sponsored by the National Museum of Natural Histor> of Pans for
research in oceanography and marine biology. The two buildings contain a public
aquarium, marine museum, library, and research laboratories. The station is open
from June to September. Station publication: Bulletin du Laboratoire Maritime
de Dinard (1928- ). Cf La Nature. Paris 16(2) .186-88, Ann. Scient. Nat.
Zool. 7(1) 1-46; SAND 1898; KOFOID 1910; MAGRINI 1927; VAUGHAN 1937.
Endouinc- Laboratoire Marion de Marseille: Sponsored by the Faculty of Sci-
ence of the University of Marseilles for instruction and research in marine zoology.
The 3-story building contains a public aquarium, marine museum, classroom, and re-
search laboratories Station publication: Travaux du Laboratoire de Zoologie et du
Laboratoire Marion. Cf. Ann. Musee d'Hist. Nat. Marseille 3 7-18; DEAN 1894;
SAND 1898, KOFOID 1910, VAUGHAN 1937.
Le Croisic (Loire Inferieure) : Laboratoire de Biologic Maritime de Le Crotsic:
Accessible to sandy shores, salt marshes, and sand dunes. Founded in 1920 by Prof
ALPHONSE LABBE and now sponsored by the School of the Practice of Medicine and
Pharmacy at Nantes Station open to a maximum of eight investigators from July
to September. Cf MAGRINI 1927; VAUGHAN 1937
Le Lautarct (Hautes Alpes) : Institut de Botanique Alpine Marcel Mirande:
Ghronica Botanica 46 Volume IX (1945)
On a mountain pass in the western Alps at an elevation of 6,888 feet, the region con-
taining about 2,000 species of plants. Founded in 1899 by Prof. LACK MANN and now
sponsored by the University of Grenoble for the purpose of culturing alpine plants of
different regions of the world and of studying their biology and propagation. There
is a large alpine garden, a museum, library, and research rooms. The station is open
from July first to September first. Cf. Universite de Grenoble Annales 32:1-31; La
Nature, Paris 54(2) :257-60.
Luc-sur-Mer (Calvados) : Laboratoire de Luc-sur-Mer de la Faculte des Sciences
de Caen: Founded in 1874, the building now contains research laboratories, library,
and marine aquarium. Cf. SAND 1898; KOFOID 1910; MAGRINI 1927; VAUGHAN 1937
Mont pettier (Her ) : Station Internationale de Geobotanique Mediterraneenne et
Alpine: Founded in 1930 by an international committee of botanists and now directed
by Prof. J. BRAUN-BLANQUET for the study of geobotany and the methods of phyto-
sociology and ecology. The building contains well-equipped laboratories, herbarium,
and library. The station is open from September to July, with facilities for work
especially in the Alps during the summer months. Station publications: Communica-
tions de la Station Internationale de Geobotanique Mediterraneenne et Alpine, Mont-
pellier (1930- ); Prospectus; Prodrome des Groupements Vegctaux (1931- ).
Cf. Rev. Bot Appl. d'Agr. Col. 10:1-4; Chronica Botanica 1935; Ibid. 1936; Ibid.
1938 (on the new building).
Oredon (Hautes-Pyrenees) : Laboratoire Biologique du Lac d'Oredon: On the
shore of a mountain lake at an altitude of 6,071 feet Sponsored by the University of
Toulouse to help scientific workers study mountain biology. The 2-story building con-
tains laboratory and living accommodations. Open to investigators from July four-
teenth to August thirteenth.
Roscoff (Finistere) : Station Biologique de Roscoff (Laboratoire Lacaze-
Duthiers) : Dedicated to research and instruction in marine biology and sponsored by
the Faculty of Sciences of the University of Paris with an annual budget of 150,000
francs. Prof. CHARLES PREZ directs the work of the station, which consists of five
buildings. These contain a herbarium, classroom, library, darkrooms, and well-equipped
general and special laboratories. A 17-passengcr bus and an 18-ton vessel, Dundee,
are also attached to the station Two courses are offered in marine biology. Station
publications: Travaux de la Station Biologique de Roscoff (1923- ) ; Conditions
d' Admission. Cf. Arch Zool. 1(3) .1-38; Ibid. 1(6) '311-62; Ibid. 1(9) :543-62; Na-
ture 29:16-17; Arch. Zool. 2(9) -255-363; Ibid. 3(3) :l-42; Ibid. 3(6) :l-35; Ann. Soc.
Beige Micr. 28:1-44; Science 28:479-80; Int. Rev. Hydrobiol 1 :282-88; Ibid. 2:493-97;
L'lllustration 86(1) :393-95; DEAN 1894; SAND 1898; JUDAY 1910; KOFOID 1910;
MAGRINI 1927; VAUGHAN 1937; Bull. Soc. R. Bot. Belg. 46:224-249 (especially on
phycological facilities) .
Slie (Herault) : Station Biologique de Sete: Founded in 1879 and now sponsored
by the Institute of Zoology and General Biology of the University of Montpcllier. The
large, 2-story building contains a public aquarium, museum, classroom, library, living
rooms, and several laboratories. Station publication: Travaux de la Station de Sete
Cf DEAN 1894; SAND 1898; JUDAY 1910; KOFOID 1910; MAGRINI 1927; VAUOIIAN
1937.
Tamaris-sur-Mcr: Station Maritime de Biologic de Tamaris: Sponsored by the
Faculty of Sciences of the University of L>on in order to study the flora and fauna
of the region of Toulon. The large, Mooresque laboratory building is open to investi-
gators from March fifteenth to May first and from June twentieth to October twentieth.
Cf. Bull. Soc. Amis de 1'Univ. Lyon 11:244-56; SAND 1898; KOFOID 1910; MAGRTNI
1927; VAUGHAN 1937.
Villejranche-sur-Mcr (Alpes Maritimes) Station Zoologique de 1'Universite de
Paris a Villefranche-sur-Mer: On the shores of the Mediterranean Sea with an ex-
ceptional pelagic fauna, both in abundance and variety. Sponsored by the University
of Paris to aid in research on different problems of marine biology. There is a well-
equipped building for laboratory work and living accommodations. A 4-ton motorboat
is available. Vacation course in marine biology offered during Easter recess. Sta-
tion publication; Travaux de la Station Zoologique de Villefranche-sur-Mer
(1925- ). Cf Arch Sci. Phys. et Nat. 12:1-11; Ann. Soc. Beige Micr. 28:1-44;
Int. Rev. Hydrobiol. 10:317-19; DEAN 1894; SAND 1898; JUDAY 1910; KOFOID 1910;
MAGRINI 1927; VAUGHAN 1937.
Jack 47 Biological Stations
Wimereux (Pas-de-Calais) : Station Zoologique de Wimereux: On the shore of
the Straits of Dover and dedicated to research and instruction in zoology and botany
Established in 1874 by Prof. ALFRED GIARD and now sponsored by the Faculty of
Sciences of the University of Paris with Prof. MAURICE CAULLERY as director. The
laboratory buildings are open to investigators from April to October inclusive Sta-
tion publications: Bulletin Biologique de la France et de la Bclgique; Travaux de la
Station Biologique de Wimereux (1879- ) Cf. Revue Scientifique 4.217-22;
Revue de 1'Enseignement des Sciences 1 :329-38; Revue du Mois 6 :385-99 ; DEAN 1894;
SAND 1898; JUDAY 1910; KOFOID 1910; MAGRINI 1927; VAUGHAN 1937.
FRENCH IN DO-CHIN A
Cauda (Nhatrang, Annam) : Institut Oceanographique de 1'Indochine: In a region
with rocky and sandy shores and coral reefs. Founded in 1922 and now sponsored by the
Government-General of Indo-China for scientific researches in physical and biological
oceanography and the establishment of a museum and aquarium. There is a well-
equipped, 2-story building and the 147-foot research vessel, De Lanessan. Station
publications. Notes, Memoires ; Annual Report. Cf. La Nature, Paris 65(1) :452-
53; MAGRINI 1927; VAUGHAN 1934; VAUGHAN 1937.
GERMANY*
Belhnchcn a Oder Biologische Station Bellinchen : Located on the Oder River
for the purpose of instruction and research in ecology and related subjects Courses are
given in faunistics, floristics, and ecology.
Dummcrsee (near Osnabruck) . Forschungshutte des Landesmuseum Hannover:
Cf. Chronica Botanica 1938.
Garmisch-Partcnkirchen (Bayern) : Alpenlaboratorium auf dem Schachen bei
Garmisch: At an altitude of 6,232 feet, this institution is sponsored by the Bavarian
Ministry for Instruction and Culture and the Union for the Protection of Alpine Plants
for the culture and study of alpine plants. Dr. F. C. v. FABER directs the work of the
station, which is open to research workers from June fifteenth to October first
Hallstatt. Botanische Station in Hallstatt: A private laboratory sponsored by
Dr. FRIEDRICII MORTON for investigating the natural history of Hallstatt and vicinity.
Investigators may make use of the station's facilities. Cf. Chronica Botanica 1 :84 ;
Ibid. 2 76', Ibid. 5-256
Helgoland: Biologische Anstalt auf Helgoland: An independent institution under
the direction of Prof A. HAGMEIER. The large, 6-story building contains workshops,
darkrooms, culture rooms, offices, library, public aquarium, herbarium, class labora-
tories, and many research laboratories. The 112-foot research vessel, Makrele, is at-
tached to the station. Four courses are given in marine biology. Station publications
Helgolander Wissenschaftliche Meeresuntersuchungen (1937- ); Ordnung fur
Vergebung und Benutzung der Arbeitsplatze ; Lehrveranstaltungen der Biologischen
Anstalt. Cf. Zool. Anz. 15:290-92; Ibid. 16.124-27; Bot. Centralblatt 54:139-42; Rept.
Smithsonian Inst. for 1893:505-19; Wiss. Meercsuntersuch., Abth. Helgoland 1-1-36,
Verh. Deutsch. Zool. Ges. 6:177-82; Verh. Zool.-Bot. Ges., 'Wien 47:47-54; Mitth.
deutsch. Seefischerei-Ver. 15:107-19; Zeitschr. d. Ver. Deutsch. Ingen. 47-807-12;
Zeitschr. f. Bauverwaltung 25 :470-72 ; Naturwissenschaften 6 -569-72 ; Der Fischerbote
11:184-88; Int. Rev. Hydrobiol. 10*727-39; Cons. Intern. Expl. Mer, Rapports et
Proces-Verbaux des Reunions 47(3) :17-33; Der Biologe 7(3) :161-83; Westermanns
Monatshefte 157:513-20; DEAN 1894; SAND 1898; JUDAY 1910; KOFOID 1910; MAG-
RINI 1927; VAUGHAN 1937.
Helgoland: Vogelwarte Helgoland: Situated on the only island in a large area
of the North Sea and consequently a frequent stopping place for migrating birds
Founded in 1909 for investigating the migration and protection of birds and for instruc-
tion in ornithology. The 2-story building contains bird collections, offices, library,
classroom, and laboratories. There are bird-traps for banding in the adjacent gardens.
A course is offered in ornithology. Cf. Der V. Internat. Ormthol Kongress
1910-564-75; Brit. Birds 27:284-89; Der Biologe 3(7) :184-86; Vogelzug 7-35-50.
* Territorial boundaries as of March 1938 (t.c , including Austria)
Chronica Botanica 48 Volume IX (1945)
Husttm (Schleswig-Holstein) Zoologische Station.
Kiel Institut fur Meereskunde der Universitat Kiel : Sponsored by the Univer-
sity of Kiel with Prof A. RFMANE as director. The 3-story building contains a number
of well-equipped laboratories Station publication. Kicler Meeresforschungen (1936-
37- ). Cf. Kieler Meeresforschungen 3-1-16; K. BRANDT, Die beiden Meercs-
laboratoricn in Kiel (Conseil Perm Int. pour 1'Explor. de la Mer, 1926, pp 16).
Klostcr Hiddensee (Pommern) : Biologische Forschungsanstalt Hiddensee:
Sponsored by the University of Greifswald and the Province of Pommern for instruc-
tion and research in the plant ecology and biology of the region There is complete
laboratory equipment, including an ornithological station. Vacation courses in ornith-
ology, hydrobiology, and ecology are offered. Station publication: Hydrobiologi-
scher und Okologischcr Fericnkursus auf Hiddensee Cf. Chronica Botanica 1 : 145-46.
Krcfcld. Limnologische Station der Kaiser Wilhelm-Gesellschaft: Sponsored by
the Kaiser Wilhelm-Gesellschaft and the City of Krefeld for the limnological examina-
tion of the lower Rhine waters. Station publication Natur am Niederrhein. Cf
Zool. Anz 80-336; Int Rev. Hydrobiol. 22 128, Der Naturforschcr 6(3) 1-8; Chronica
Botanica 1936, Ibid. 1938
Langcnartjcn Institut fur Seenforschung und Seenbewirtschaftung der Kaiser Wil-
helm-Gesellschaft: Located on the shore of Bodensee and sponsored by the Kaiser
Wilhelm Institute for the purpose of freshwater imestigation and instruction. Dr
HANS-JOUIIIM ELSTER is director of the Institute, which is housed in a 3-story build-
ing. A 3-\\eek course in limnology is offered each July. Cf. Rivista di Bioloqia
2 550-52. Int. Rev Hydrobiol 9 235-36; Ibid 15 258-63, Der Biologe 4 134-37; Arch.
Hydrobiol. 33*164; Int Rev. Hydrobiol 38 512, LFNZ 1927, RICKER 1937.
Luns-am-Scc- Biologische Station Lunz (Kupelwiesersche Stiftung) On
the shores of Lunz Lake, a typical sub-alpine lake at an elevation of about 2,000
feet. Sponsored by the Academy of Sciences of Vienna and the Kaiser Wilhelm Insti-
tute for instruction and research in fresh-water and alpine ecolog\ Founded in 1906
by Dr K\RL KLM-FLWIESLR and now directed by Dr F. RUTTNER The 2-story building
contains work-shops, greenhouses, darkrooms, offices, library, and many laboratories
A 3-week course in hydrobiology is given each summer. Cf. Die Umschau 10 944-47;
Biol. Zbl 26 463-80; Arch Hydrobiol 2 465-99; Int Rev Hydrobiol 1 297-99; Ibid
13 213; Ibid 29 148-54; Naturwissenschaften 2 313-21, KOFOIU 1910, JULUY 1910;
LENZ 1927 ; RTCKER 1937 , Abderhalden's Handb 9, 2
Plan (Holstein) Hydrobiologische Anstalt der Kaiser Wilhelm-Gesellschaft:
Located in a moramal lake district and dedicated to research in hydrobiology and
limnology. Founded in 1892 by Dr OTTO ZACHARIAS and now sponsored by the Kaiser
Wilhelm Institute with Dr A THFENEMANN as director and Dr. FR LENZ as director
of scientific work There is a well-equipped, 3-story building and a 32-foot motorboat
Cf Zool Anz. 3(ll):18-27; Ibid 3(12) .600-04, 655-56; Verb. Ges. dtsch Naturf.
'Arztc 63(11). 120-21; Rev biol. du Nord France 4.146-49, Zool Anz 15 36-39; Int.
Rev. Hydrobiol 1 507-09; SAND 1898, SCOURFIELD 1905, JUDAY 1910; KOFOID 1910,
LENZ 1927; RICKER 1937.
Rossitten (Kurische Nehrung, Ostpreussen) Vogelwarte Rossitten der Kaiser
Wilhelm-Gesellschaft: On a great "migratory bridge" for birds near the Baltic Sea.
Founded in 1901 and now sponsored by the Kaiser Wilhelm-Gesellschaft for research
and instruction in ornithology. Dr ERNEST Sciiuz directs the work of the station, which
is housed in four buildings and three field annexes An elementary course in ornithology
is offered early in October Station publications' Der Vogelzug; Lehrgang der
Vogelwarte Rossitten. Cf Der Biologe 4 225-27; Vogelzug 9(2) -70-90.
Saarbruckcn Hydrobiologische Station: Cf Int. Rev Hydrobiol. 10:549-50;
Ruista di Biologia 4.401-02
Sccon (Chiemgau, Oberbayern) Biologisches Laboratorium Seeon: A private
laboratory sponsored by Prof R WOLIERECK for faumstic studies on differentiation of
animal races in lakes and related habitats. Open to foreign investigators from April
first to November first Cf. Int Rev. Hydrobiol. 20 -213-15.
Wasserbury (Bavaria) Biologische Station Wasserburg am Bodensee: Spon-
sored by the Kaiser Wilhelm Institute (for some time directed by Dr HELMUT G\MS)
for researches in limnology and related subjects. Cf. Int. Rev Hydrobiol 15.144,
LENZ 1927.
Jack 49 Biological Stations
GREENLAND
Godhavn (Disko Island). Den Danske Arktiske Station: Well within the
Arctic Circle (latitude: 69 14' N.) and near diversified arctic habitats. Founded in
1906 by MORTON P. PORSILD and now sponsored by the Government of Denmark for
research in arctic science. The buildings contain good laboratory and living accom-
modations, a herbarium, and a library Motorboats are available, as are sledges and
camping equipment. The station is open throughout the >ear, being primarily a labora-
tory and not a base for travel. Station publication Arbcjder fra den Danske Arktiske
Station Cf. American Naturalist 39 505-06 ; Nature 108 320-21 ; Current History
16 637-41.
11 AW All
Honolulu: Marine Biological Laboratory of the University of Hawaii: On the
shore of Waikiki reef, a habitat rich in animal and plant forms. Established in 1920
and now sponsored by the University of Hawaii for instruction and research in marine
biology. Prof. C. H EDMONDSON directs the work of the station, the facilities of which
are open to investigators between June and September. Cf Jour Pan- Pacific Re-
search Institute 6(2) 0-9, MAGRINI 1927; Turtox 1937; VAUGHAN 1934; VAUGHAN
1937.
HUNGARY
Tihany Hungarian Biological Research Institute : On the shore of Lake Balaton,
the largest lake in Central Europe Established for biological investigations of the
organisms lixing in the lake and general biological researches- independent of local
questions and sponsored by the Hungarian Ministry of Education. The station has an
annual budget of 35,000 pengo There are ten resident investigators, with Prof GEZA
KNTZ as director The 4-story laboratory building is unusually well-equipped. Exten-
sion courses are gi\en for middle-school teachers in biology Station publications
A Magyar Biologiai Kutatomtezet Munkii (Arbeiten des Ungarischen Biologischen
Forschungs Institutes) (1927- ), Prospectus (in English) Cf Ann Biol Lacus-
tre 14205-07, Arch Balaton 1 1-14; Nature 120 968-69; Int Rev. Hydrobiol
13 370-72, Ibid 18-435-36; Bull. Mus Hist Nat, Pans 33 468-69, Nature 121.93;
LLNZ 1927; Chromca Botanica 1935; Ibid 1936.
-INDIA
Calicut (South Malabar) : West Hill Marine Biological Station: On a narrow
belt of low land lying between the sea and the lofty Western Ghat Mountains. Spon-
sored by the Madras Department of Fisheries for marine fishery research in general
Cf VAUGHAN 1937.
Ennur (Madras) Ennur Biological Station: Sponsored by the Madras Depart-
ment of Fisheries to supply biological specimens, although investigators ma> make use
of the station's facilities. Cf. VAUGHAN 1937.
Pamban (Krusadai Island, Madras) Krusadai Marine Biological Station: The
surrounding flora and fauna are among the richest in south India. Established in
1930 by the Madras Department of Fisheries for marine fishery research. The sta-
tion is fairly well-equipped and there is the motor launch, The Pearl. Cf. VAUGHAN
1937.
ITALY
Cagliari (Sardinia)- Stazione Biologica : Cf. Int Rev. Hydrobiol. 12:434-35;
KOFOTD 1910, J\JAY 1910
Col d'Olcn (Alagna Sesia, Vercelh) Istituto Scientifico Angelo Mosso sul Monte
Rosa: In the Pennine Alps, at an altitude of 9,520 feet, with the cabin at Point
Gnifetti at an altitude of 14,944 feet Sponsored by the Royal University of Turin
for scientific research in the mountains. The 3-story building contains laboratory and
living accommodations. The institute is open during July and August Station
publication Atti del Laboratorio Angelo Mosso.
Messina (Sicily) Istituto Centrale di Biologia Marina di Messina: Sponsored
by the Royal Italian Oceanographical Committee for research in marine biology. Sta-
Chronica Botanica
50
Volume IX (1945)
tion publications: Memorie Istituto Centrale di Biologia Marina di Messina; Bolletino
Istituto Centrale di Biologia Marina di Messina. Cf. Revue Scientifique 55:381-86;
MAGRINI 1927; VAUGHAN 1937.
Monte del Lago (Umbria) : R. Stazione Idrobiologica del Lago Trasimeno:
Founded in 1922 by Prof. OSVALDO POLIMANTI and now sponsored by the Italian Min-
istry of Agriculture and Forestry to investigate the flora and fauna of the region.
There is a 2-story laboratory building and a 25-foot motorboat. Cf. Int. Rev. Hydro-
biol. 9:546-50; Ibid. 11:565; Rivista di Biologia 6:566-74; Veda Pfirodni 8:44-47;
LENZ 1927; Chronica Botanica 1936.
Naples: Stazione Zoologica di Napoli: On the Bay of Naples and dedicated
to any kind of biological research by qualified investigators from any nation. Founded
DOHRN'S INTERNATIONAL ZOOLOGICAL STATION AT NAPLES, A SHORT TIME AFTER
THE COMPLETION OF THE ORIGINAL BUILDING (contemporary
in 1870 by ANTON DOHRN, opened in 1874, with additions to building made in 1888 and
1903. Conducted as an autonomous institution with an annual budget of about 900,000
lire. Prof. REIN HARD DOHRN heads the resident staff of five investigators. The 4-
story building contains a public aquarium, supply department, public museum, dark-
rooms, workshops, offices, library, herbarium, kitchen, and various kinds of well-
equipped laboratories. The station can accommodate 65 investigators at one time.
Station publications: Pubblicazioni della Stazione Zoologica (continuing Mitteilungen
aus der Zoologischen Station zu Neapel) (1916- ) ; Fauna e Flora del Golfo di
Napoli (1880- ); Regulations for Prospective Investigators; Prezzi di vendita
degli animali marini conservati; Guide to the Aquarium of the Zoological Station at
Naples. Cf. especially bibliography in KOFOID 1910 ; Nature 5 :277-80, 437-40 ; Ibid.
6:362-63, 535-36; Ibid. 8:81; Science n.s. 1:479-81, 507-10; Ibid. 2:93-97; Nature
43:392-93; Ibid. 48:440-43; Science 1:238-39; Ibid. 3:16-18; American Naturalist
31 :960-65 ; Science 5 :832-34 ; Bot. Gaz. 23 :278-82 ; Popular Science Monthly 59 :419-29 ;
Science 16:993-94; Die Umschau 2:116-18; Science 25:355-56; Ibid. 36:453-68; Popu-
Jack
--51
Biological Stations
lar Science Monthly 77:209-25; Science 52:323-25; Int. Rev. Hydrobiol. 10:739-40;
Rivista di Biologia 5 :788 ; Science 59 :361 ; Ibid. 59 : 182-83 ; Rivista di Biologia 6 :255-
61; Int. Rev. Hydrobiol. 12:266-67; Science 61:585-86; Ibid. 63:271; Naturwissen-
schaften 14:412-24; Science 65:289-90; Ibid. 90:206; DEAN 1894; SAND 1898; JUDAY
1910; KOFOID 1910; MAGRINI 1927; VAUGHAN 1937.
Pallanza: Istituto Italiano di Idrobiologia Dott. Marco de March! : Supervised
by the Ministry of National Education for research in limnology. Cf. Rivista di
Biologia 25:438.
Piccolo San Bernardo (Aosta) : Giardino Alpino "La Chanousia" e Lab. di
Botanica Alpina "De March!" : C/. Chronica Botanica 1:200; Ibid. 1:219.
Rovigno d' I stria: Istituto Italo-Germanico di Biologia Marina di Rovigno d'Istria:
Established in 1870 at Trieste by Dr. O. HERMES and moved to present site in
1891. Now sponsored by the Royal Italian Oceanographic Committee and the Kaiser
A VIEW OF THE HYDROBIOLOGICAL STATION AT THE LAGO TRASIMENO, UMBRIA,
ITALY, SEEN FROM THE LANDING (drawing by V. Bauer).
Wilhelm Institute for instruction and research in marine biology, especially of the
Adriatic Sea. The 4-story building contains a public aquarium, scientific sales depart-
ment, museum, herbarium, offices, and research laboratories. Station publications:
Note (or Notizen) (1932- ); Thalassia (1938- ); Announcement; Liste der
abgebbaren Seetiere und-pflanzen fur wissenschaftliche Institute und den biologischen
Unterricht. Cf. Zool. Anz. 16:356-71; Ibid. 16:401-04; Int. Rev. Hydrobiol. 1:297;
Ibid. 3:258-61; Die Naturwissenschaften 22:1-8; Rivista di Biologia 2:546-49; Int.
Rev. Hydrobiol. 10:551; Ibid. 10:739-40; Science 58:9; DEAN 1894; SAND 1898; JUDAY
1910; KOFOID 1910; MAGRINI 1927; VAUGHAN 1937.
San Guiliano: Laboratorio di Biologia Marina per il Mare Ligure: On the
rocky beach of the Ligurian Sea. An autonomous institution owned by Professors
ALESSANDRO BRIAN and RENATO SANTUCCI to aid in the study of marine biology.
Cf. Int. Rev. Hydrobiol. 5:179-80; Arch. Zool. Ital. 23(9-10); Rivista di Biologia
22:535-48; MAGRINI 1927; VAUGHAN 1937.
Taranto: Istituto Demaniale di Biologia Marina di Taranto: Sponsored by the
National Research Council of the Ministry of National Education for research in gen-
eral marine biology. Prof. ATTILIO CERRUTI directs the work of the station, which is
Chronica Botanica 52 Volume IX (1945)
housed in a 3-story, well-equipped building. The 33-foot vessel, Galeso, is available
as are two motorboats and two sailboats. - Cf. Rivista di Biologia 3 .379-90 ; Int Rev.
Hydrobiol. 10:1%; Ibid. 29 294-95; Rivista di Biologia 15:386-90; MAGRINI 1927;
VAUGHAN 1937.
JAMAICA
Linchoiui Botanical Gardens: At various times these gardens have been used as
an American biological station if. VLRDOORN, 1945, "Plants and Plant Science in Latin
America", p. xxi. "Many botanists of today do not know of the early efforts to found
an American Tropical Laboratory (cj. Bot. Gaz 22 :415 and 494, 1896, etc.), culminating
in the establishment of a tropical biological station (in 1903) at Cinchona, Jamaica (cj
MAXON 1922, Smiths Rept. for 1920, p 529, etc ).~ Still much less is known today
of the grandiose plans of Luic.i BUSCAGLIOM, who planned a second 'hortus bogonens>is'
on the Amazon (ca. 1900), traveling widely to obtain sympathy and support (for a
pathetic account of his efforts cj. Nuovo Giorn Bot Ital 9 1-32, 1902). A plan to
establish a British tropical research station at Jamaica has recently been developed by
V J CHAPMAN (Nature 152.47, 1943)".
JAPAN
Akkeshi Akkeshi Marine Biological Station: On the sea front of the Gulf of
Akkeshi with sandy beaches, rocky beaches, and a muddy bottom Established in 1931
and sponsored by the Hokkaido Imperial University for research and instruction in
biology. There is a 3-story building and a 26-foot motorhoat, Misago. Course work
is given in marine biology, marine invertebrate zoology, marine algae, experimental
morphology, and physiology Station publications Contributions from the Akkeshi
Marine Biological Station; The Akkeshi Marine Biological Station (a guide printed
in Japanese). Cf VAUMIAN 1937.
Asamitvhi (Aomori-ken) Marine Biological Station of the Tohoku Imperial
University: On the shore of Mutsu Bay, facing a shallow sea of abovit four fathoms
in depth. Sponsored by the Faculty of Science of Tohoku Imperial University for
research and instruction in marine biology. Founded in 1924 by Prof SINKISHI
HATAI and now directed by Prof. SAXJI HOZAWA The station contains a public
aquarium, dormitories, library, classrooms, and well-equipped research laboratories.
Three-week courses are given m marine biology, s>stematic botany, planktology, al-
gology, comparative physiology, and seismology C f Records of the Oceanographic
Works in Japan 1.26-38, VAIT.HAV 1934; VAUGHAN 1937.
Fitkushima (Kiso, Nagano Prefecture) Kiso Biological Station: In a forested,
mountainous region with torrential streams. Sponsored by Kyoto Imperial Umversit>
to extend limnological researches to the life in streams and torrents
Ihtnami-cho (Muroran, Hokkaido) Institute of Algological Research: Founded
in 1933 and now sponsored by Hokkaido Imperial University for research work on
marine algae. Prof Y. TAM^DA directs the work of the institute which maintains
laboratory and living accommodations. Station publication. Reports from the Ma-
rine Station for Algological Research (in Japanese) Cf Chronica Botanica 1935;
Ibid. 1936; VAUGHAN 1937.
Kannonji (Otsu, Shiga-ken) Otsu Hydrobiological Station: On Biwa Lake,
the largest in Japan, with a central basin about 100 meters in depth and surrounded
by \arious types of shores. Founded in 1914 and now sponsored by the College of
Science of Kyoto Imperial University for research and instruction in limnology and
allied subjects The 2-story building contains library, aquarium, offices, and laborato-
ries Courses given in physiology and freshwater biology. Station publication- Con-
tributions from the Otsu Hydrobiological Station. Cf Int Rev. Hydrobiol. 28:350;
LENZ 1927.
Kommato Bay (Chiba Prefecture): Kominato Marine Biological Laboratory:
On the rocky shores of Kominato Bay, the depth being 100 kilometers within four
kilometers from shore Sponsored by the Imperial Fisheries Institute for research
and instruction in marine biology. Cj VAUGHAN 1937.
Misaki (Kanagawa Prefecture)' Misak! Marine Biological Station: Founded
in 1885 by the College of Sciences of the Imperial University of Japan and now spon-
Jack 53 Biological Stations
sored by the Imperial University of Tokyo for research and instruction in marine
biology, oceanography, and allied sciences. The plant contains dormitories, aquarium,
museum, seismographic apparatus, and many laboratories. Summer courses given in
marine zoology. Station publication Journal of Faculty of Science, Section IV,
Tokyo Imperial University. Cf. Pop. Sci. Mon. 1904-195-204; SAND 1898, V \UGHAN
1934; VAUGHAN 1937.
Osshoro (Hokkaido) : Osshoro Marine Biological Station: Cf. VAUGHAN 1934
Scto-Kanayama (Wakayama-ken) : Seto Marine Biological Laboratory: Estab-
lished in 1922 by Prof. IWAJI IKEDA of Kyoto Imperial University for research \sork
in marine biology and for the instruction of students at Kyoto Imperial University.
The Laboratory is well-equipped and includes the use of the 19-ton collecting vessel,
N>usm Maru. Courses are given in anatomy, experimental zoology, algnlngy, and
elementary oceanography Cf. Records of Oceanographic Work in Japan 1(3) .113-
29; VAUGHAN 1934; VAUGHAN 1937.
Shimoda-machi (Shizuoka-ken) Shimoda Marine Biological Station: Sponsored
by the Tok>o University of Literature and Science for research and instruction. There
is one laboratory building and several boats Course work is given in zoology, botam ,
oceanography, and science education Cf VAUGHAN 1937.
Susakt (Kamogun, Siduoka Prefecture) Mitsui Institute of Marine Biology:
Adjacent tide pools and rocky strands abound in a rich fauna and flora. Established
in 1933 by Mr TAKANAGA MITSUI for the study of marine biology and to afford facili-
ties for the research workers at the station It is an autonomous institution with an
annual budget of 25,000 yen The 2-story building contains an aquarium, museum,
library, and well-equipped laboratories Fellowships are awarded annually by the
station to research workers who desire to imcstigate marine material at the station
Cf VAUGHAN 1937.
Tomwka (Amakusa, Kumamoto Ken) : Amakusa Marine Biological Laboratory:
Sponsored by Kyushu Imperial University. Cf Records of the Oceanographic Works
in Japan l(2):78-89; VAUGHAN 1934; VAUGHAN 1937.
LATVIA
Riqa- Hydrobiologische Station der Lettlandischen Universitat: Founded
in 1924 and now sponsored by the Unhersity of Latvia for research and instruction in
h>drobiology Prof. EMBRIK STRXND directs the work of the station, which is housed
in one of the unnersity buildings in Riga There is a field annex at Kurland on Lake
Usmaitenschen Station publication Folia Zoologica et Hydrobiologica Cf Int
Rev. Hydrobiol. 12.435; Ibid 21 478-80, I.BNZ 1927; VAUGHAN 1937.
MANCUUKUO
Harbin- Sungari River Biological Station: Cf LENZ 1927.
MARTINIQUE
Fort dc France. Museum et Laboratoire Oceanographique de M. Conseil: Cf.
MAGRINI 1927.
MEXICO
Patzcuaro (Michoacan) : Estacion Limnologica : On Lake Patzcuaro at an
altitude of over 6,000 feet. Sponsored by the Division of Fisheries of the Department
of Marine of the Mexican Government to investigate the facilities of the lake as a
center of fishing and to make a general survey of the lake Mr. MANUEL ZOZAYA is
director and Dr. FERNANDO DE BUEN is scientific advisor There are ample laboratory
and living facilities. Cf The Collecting Net 15 -202.
MONACO
Monaco-ville . Musee Oceanographique et Aquarium de Monaco: On the Mediter-
ranean Sea, with the shore sloping abruptly to deep water, often 300 to 500 meters
in depth within three miles from shore. Founded in 1899 by ALBERT I, Prince of
Chronica Botanica 54 Volume IX (1945)
Monaco, for original research in marine subjects and public education in oceanography.
It is an autonomous institution, being a part of the Institute of Oceanography at Paris.
Dr. JULES RICHARD is director of the institution, which has an annual budget of 1,300,-
000 francs. The large, 4-story building contains a large public museum of oceanogra-
phy, public aquarium, library, offices, darkrooms, and well-equipped laboratories. The
25-ton, 54-foot steamer, Eider, is available for collecting. The station is open from
October first to July twenty-fifth. Station publications: Bulletin de 1'Institut Oceano-
graphique (1904- ) ; Les Resultats des Campagnes Scientifiques de S.A.S. Prince
Albert ler de Monaco (1889- ) ; Reglement General Concernant 1* Admission des
Travailleurs faisant des Recherches ; Musee Oceanographique et Aquarium de Monaco
(Guide Illustre). Cf. Int. Rev. Hydrobiol. 1 504-07; Science 63.468-69; JUDAY
1910; KOFOID 1910; MAGRINI 1927; VAUGHAN 1937.
MOROCCO
Rabat: Institut Scientifique Cherifien: Sponsored by the Direction of Public
Education of Morocco for scientific research in French Morocco. Dr. J. DE LEWNEY
directs the work of the station, which has an annual budget of 650,000 francs. Cf.
Chronica Botanica 1936.
THE NETHERLANDS ~
Abcoude: Laboratory of the Hugo de Vries Foundation: Cf. LENZ 1927; Chronica
Botanica 1935; Ibid. 1936.
den H elder: Zoologisch Station der Nederlandsche Dierkundige Vereeniging :
At the mouth of the Zuiderzee, close to the large sandflat area of northern Holland.
Founded in 1876 and now sponsored by the Netherlands Zoological Society and the
Netherlands Ministry of Education, Arts, and Sciences for marine biological investiga-
tions in the widest sense of the term. Dr. J. VERWEY directs the work of the station,
which has an annual budget of 12,700 guilders. The 2-story building contains a public
aquarium, library, office, classroom, and well-equipped laboratories. There is also
a building with living accommodations. The 43-foot vessel, Max Weber, is available
for collecting. Cf. Arch. Zool 1(6) -312-19; Nature 29.16-17; Tijdschr. Nederl.
Dierk. Vcreen. 3:309-16; Feuille des Jeunes Natur. 19:17-19; Tijdschr. Nederl. Dierk.
Vereen. 2(19) :21-45; DEAN 1894; SAND 1898; JUDAY 1910; KOFOID 1910; VAUGHAN
1937.
IVijster (Drenthe) : Biologisch Station te Wijster: -In the most extensive heath-
and moor-land district of the Netherlands. Founded in 1927 by Dr. W. BEIJERINCK
and now sponsored by the Netherlands Biological Station, an autonomous institution.
There is good equipment for field research. The scientific work originating from
the station is marked, Mededeelingen van het Biologisch Station te Wijster. Cf.
Botany in the Netherlands, Sixth Int. Bot. Congr. 1935:80; Vakl. Biol. 19(2) :17-25.
NETHERLANDS EAST INDIES
Batavia (Java) : Laboratorium voor het Onderzoek der Zee: Adjacent to salt-
and brackish-water communities, coral reefs, and mangrove. Sponsored by the Nether-
lands East Indies Government and managed by the Botanical Gardens of Buitenzorg
for scientific marine investigations. There are ample laboratory facilities. Cf. Int.
Rev. Hydrobiol. 10:195-96; Annales du Jardin Botanique de Buitenzorg 45:121-28;
Natuurkundig Tijdschrift voor Nederlandsch-Indie 97:111-20; VAUGHAN 1934;
VAUGHAN 1937.
Buitenzorg (Java) Treub Laboratory (Visitors' Laboratory) of the Govt.
Botanical Gardens: In the midst of the tropical lowland vegetation of 's Lands
Plantentuin. Founded in 1884-85 by Prof. M. TREUB and now sponsored by the Botani-
cal Gardens of Buitenzorg for use by foreign scientists who want to do laboratory
work in the Botanical Gardens. Cf. Bot. Ztg. 42:752-61, 768-80, 784-91; Pop. Sci.
Mon. 67:579-89; Science 80:33-34; Ann. Jard. Bot. Buitenz. 45:1-60; Chronica
Botanica 1935; Ibid. 1936; "Science and Scientists in the Netherlands Indies,"
p. 59, 1945.
Tjibodas (near Sindanglaija, W. Java) : Mountain Gardens and Biological Lab-
oratory of the Govt. Botanical Gardens : Near the virgin forest (elevation between
Jack 55 Biological Stations
4,500 and 9.800 feet). Founded in 1891 by Prof. M. TREUB and now sponsored by the
Botanical Gardens of Buitenzorg. Laboratory and living accommodations are avail-
able. Cf. Revue generate Scientifique 46:631-37, 664-68; Chronica Botanica 1935;
"Science and Scientists in the Netherlands Indies," p. 403, seq., 1945.
NEW CALEDONIA
Noumea: Marine Station : Cf. VAUGHAN 1934.
NEW ZEALAND
Portobello : Portobello Marine Biological Station : Sponsored by the govern-
ment of New Zealand for the study of New Zealand marine life. The buildings contain
a public aquarium, library, scientific sales department, and laboratories. Cf. VAUGHAN
1937.
NORWAY
Universitets Biologiske Stasjon, Dr0bak : Established in 1892 and
now sponsored by the University of Oslo for marine research. Prof. HJALMAR BROCH
directs the work of the station, which is housed in a 3-story building. Station open
during July and August to students and investigators. Cf. Dtsch. med. Wschr. 20 879 ;
Nyt Mag. Naturv. 42:32; DEAN 1894; SAND 1898; JUDAY 1910; KOFOID 1910; MAGRINI
1927; VAUGHAN 1937.
Her dla. Bergens Museums Biologiske Stasjon: Types of all prominent eco-
logical habitats of the Norwegian Coast can be reached from this station within two
hours. Founded in 1891 and now sponsored by the Bergen Museum for instruction
and research in marine biology. Prof. AUGUST BRINKMANN is director of the station
which has an annual budget of 25,000 Kroner. The 2-story building contains class-
rooms, living quarters, library, and several kinds of laboratories. The 48-foot vessel,
Herman Friele, is available for research. Cf. Bergens Museums Aarsberetning
1890(5) :1-31; Bergens Museums Aarbok 1892(5) .1-8; Zool. Anz. 16-217-20; Int.
Rev. Hydrobiol. 1:299-300; Nature 111:358; Science 58-24-25; Int. Rev. Hydrobiol.
11 -221; Bergens Museums Aarbok 1921-22(1) :l-28; Bergens Museums Aarsberetning
1931-32:58-60; DEAN 1894; SAND 1898; JUDAY 1910; KOFOID 1910; VAUGHAN 1937.
Tromsp: Biological and Hydrographic Laboratory of the Troms0 Museum:
Established in 1930 by Mr. T. SOOT-RYEN and sponsored by the Troms0 Museum
for scientific marine investigations in northern Norway. Space is available in the
building of the Troms# Museum and the 38-foot Sparre Schneider is available. Cf.
VAUGHAN 1937.
Trondhcim- Trondheims Biologiske Stasjon: An autonomous institution, sub-
sidized by the Norwegian Government for the purpose of making hydrographical and
biological investigations in the fiords and coasts of Norway. Cf. Ann. Mag. Nat
Hist. 12:341-67; Ibid. 13:112-33, 150-64, 267-83; Ibid. 15:476-94; VAUGHAN 1937.
PANAMA (CANAL ZONE)
Gatun Lake: Barro Colorado Island Biological Laboratory: On an island (six
miles square with over 25 miles of shore line) largely covered with primeval ram
forest (lower tropical zone). Established in 1924 and now sponsored by the Board of
Directors of the Canal Zone Biological Area. Investigators desiring to visit the labora-
tory must obtain credentials from the Directors ; this entitles them to secure steamship
concessions, a pass on the Panama Railroad, and other privileges. Station publication
Annual Report of the Barro Colorado Island Biological Laboratory ( 1926- ) . Cf.
Science 59:521-22; Jour. Hered. 15:99-112; Nation's Health 6(7) :489-90; Science 62:
111; Report of the Smithsonian Institution for 1926*327-42; Science 72-457; Nature
Mag. 15:11-15; Atlantic Monthly 145:749-58; Wilson Bull. 42:225-32; Bull. Pan-
American Union 67:43-51; Entomologist 66:217-21; Travel 63(2)15-19; Revue des
Deux Mondes 25:30-34; Survey Graphic 24(4) :192-93; Scientific Monthly 47:364-69.
PHILIPPINE ISLANDS
Puerto Galcra (Island of Mindoro) : Puerto Galera Marine Biological Laboratory
of the University of the Philippines : Sponsored by the Univ. of the Philippines
Chronica Botanioa 56 Volume IX (1945)
to provide biologists place and equipment for carrying out investigations on marine
animals and plants. Mr. HILARIO A. ROXAS directs the work of the station, which offers
both laboratory and living accommodations to students and investigators. Cf. Int.
Rev. Hydrobiol. 5:183; Ibid 6:325-34; VAUGHAN 1934; VAUCHAN 1937.
POLAND
Hel: Station Maritime de Hel: Founded in 1932 and now sponsored by the
Ministry of Public Instruction and the Ministry of Commerce. Cf. Chronica Botanica
1936.
Piiisk: Poleska Stacja Biologiczna w Pinsku: In a vast marshy plain among
many slow-running rivers. Sponsored by the Nencki Institute of Biology to study
the limnological problems of rivers and marshes. Dr. JERZY WISZNIEW.SKI directs
the work of the station, which is housed in a 2-story building. A vacation course
in hydrobiology is given. Cf. Archives d'Hydrobiologie et d'Ichthyologie 10(4) :431-
34, 434-36; Chronica Botanica 1938.
Suwalki: Stacji Hydrobiologicznej na Wigrach: On the shores of Lake Wigry,
one of a group of more than 20 post-glacial lakes in the area. Sponsored by the
Ministry of Education for the study of freshwater problems. Dr. ALFRED LITYNSKI
directs the work of the station, which has an annual budget of 30,000 zloty. A course
is given in theoretical limnology Station publication' Archiwum Hydrobiologyi i
Rybactwa (1926- ). Cf. LENZ 1927.
PORTUGAL
Dafundo: Aquario Vasco da Gama EstaQao de Biologia Maritima: Supported
by the Fisheries Administration of the Ministry of Marine for general marine re-
search on the coast of Portugal. There is a public aquarium, well-equipped labora-
tories, and the 135-ton research ship, Albacora. Station publication" Tra\aux de la
Station de Biologic Maritime de Lisbonue Cf. MAGRINI 1927, VALGHAX 1937.
Porto Station de Zoologie Maritime "Augusto Nobre".
RHODES
Rodi Istituto di Ricerche Biologiche in Rodi: An island in the Aegean Sea
at the eastern end of the Mediterranean. Founded in 1936 and now sponsored by se\ -
eral Italian governmental agencies for research in the oceanographical, biological, and
chemical sciences The modern, 2-story building contains a large public aquarium,
museum, library, and research laboratories Cf. VAI F C.HAV 1937
ROUMANIA
^If/if/ca Statiunea Zoologica Maritima "Regele Ferdinand I": Sponsored jointly
by the Roumanian Ministry of National Education and the Laboratory of Zoology of
the University of Iai for investigating the fauna of the Black Sea and neighboring
lakes. Prof. C MOTAS directs the work of the station, which is housed in a 2-story
building. Station open from June first to October first. Station publication Lucrarile
Statiei Zoologice Maritime "Regele Ferdinand I" dela Agigea (1938- ) Cf.
Ann Soc Univ. Jassy 19-1-16; Buletinuel Soc. Natur. din Romania 11.1-6; Ann.
Scient. de 1'Univ. cle Jassy 23(2) -1-4; VAUC.HAN 1937.
Mamaia ' Statiunea Bio-oceanografica dela Mamaia.
Sinaia (Cumpatul) : Statiunea Zoologica din Sinaia: At an elevation of 2,788
feet in a forested zone with much rainfall. Sponsored by the Ministry of National
Education for the study of the fauna and flora of the region of Mount Bucegi. Prof.
A. POPOVICI-BAZNOSANU directs the work of the station, which is open from June
first to November first. Cf. LENZ 1927.
Stdna de Vale (Bihor) : Statiunea Botanica Stana de Vale : Sponsored by the
Botanical Institute of the University of Cluj for biological studies on the flora and
vegetation of the Bihor Mountains and the cultivation of alpine plants at an altitude
of 3,608 feet. A course is given in phytosociology. The station is open during July
and August.
Jack 57 Biological Stations
SCOTLAND
Mill port (Buteshire) Marine Biological Station of the Scottish Marine Biological
Association: Founded in 1884-85 by Sir JOHN MURRAY and now sponsored by the
Scottish Marine Biological Association to investigate the flora and fauna of the Clyde
Sea area and provide facilities for research and study for students and others interested
in such work. RICHARD ELM HIRST directs the work of the station, which has an an-
nual budget of 4,261. The 2-story buildings contain a public aquarium, museum,
offices, storeroom for sales department, library, classroom, and many well-equipped
laboratories. The 40-foot vessel, M. B. Nautilus, is available and is equipped with a
laboratory for three persons. Several courses are given. Station publications ' An-
nual Report of the Scottish Marine Biological Association ; Price List of Specimens. -
Cf Jour. Marine Biol. Assoc. United Kingdom 1 :218-43; Nature 72:456; JUDAY 1910;
KOFOID 1910; MAGRINI 1927; VAUGHAN 1937.
SPAIN*
Chico' Estacion de Biologia Maritima.
Las Pahnas (Canary Islands) Laboratorio Oceanografico de Canarias: Spon-
sored by the Spanish Institute of Oceanography for the systematic investigation of the
oceanographic and biological conditions in the vicinity of the Canary Islands Cf.
Institute Espan Oceanogr. Notas y Resumcnes 2(48) 1-79, VAUGHAN 1937.
Malaga. Laboratorio de Malaga Instituto Espanol de Oceanograf ia : Founded
on the Strait of Gibraltar in 1914 by Prof ODON DE BUEN and now sponsored by the
Spanish Institute of Oceanography for research in marine biology and oceanography
Cf. VAUGHAN 1937.
Palnia (Island of Mallorca, Balearic Islands) Laboratorio Oceanografico de
Raima de Mallorca: Founded in 1906-07 by Prof ODON DE BUEN and now spon-
sored by the Spanish Institute of Oceanography. The station is equipped with aquarium,
museum, library, and several laboratories. Cf. Bull Soc Zool France 33-1-11; Int
Rev. Hydrobiol. 30 385-86; KOFOID 1910, MAGRINI 1927; VAUGHAN 1937.
San Sebastian- Sociedad de Oceanograf ia de Guipuzcoa : Cf. MAGRINI 1927;
VAUGHAN 1937
Santander' Laboratorio de Santander Instituto Espanol de Oceanograf ia :
Sponsored by the Spanish Institute of Oceanography to study the flora and fauna of
the coastal regions of the Bay of Biscay Cf KOFOID 1910, MAGRINI 1927; VAUGHAN
1937
Valencia Laboratorio de Hidrobiologia : Cf. Int. Rev. Hydrobiol. 7 272-73;
LENZ 1927.
]*HJO Laboratorio de Vigo Instituto Espanol de Oceanograf ia : Cf VAUGHAN
1937.
SCRfN.lM (Neth Guiana)
Paramaribo Biological Station at the General Agricultural Experiment Station:
Established in 1903 under the directorship of C J. J VAN HAI i. The present director,
Dr. G. STAHEL. is anxious to help visiting biologists. Modern laboratory facilities.
Cf Bot Gaz 36.238-239, Bot. Cbl 92 371; West-Ind. Gids, June 1920
SWEDEN
Abisko Abisko Naturvetenskapliga Station : Cf. Chronica Botanica 1935.
Aneboda (Ugglehult) : Limnologiska Laboratoriet i Aneboda: Founded in
1907-08 and now sponsored by the University of Lund for research and instruction in
limnology. A small, 2-story building contains apparatus for linmological research.
Cf. Int. Rev. Hydrobiol. 1745-46; Ibid. 2 331-32; Ibid. 22:272; LENZ 1927.
Barscbackshamn: Barsebackshamns Havsbiologiska Station: On the Orcsund
Sound, with brackish water on the surface and salt water beneath. Founded in 1914
and now sponsored by the Zoological Institute of the University of Lund for research
and instruction in marine biology. A course in marine biology is given at the station,
which is open to investigators during June, July, and August. Station publication .
* As of June 1936.
Chronica Botanica 58 Volume IX (1945)
Kungl. Fysiografiska Sallskapets Handlingar, Lund, Series: Undersokningar over
Oresund. Cf. Chronica Botanica 1936.
Fiskebackskil: Kristinebergs Zoologiska Station : - Near the mouth of Gullmar
Fiord, a relatively deep bay with a belt of islands near its mouth. Established in
1877 by Prof. SVEN LOVEN and now sponsored by the Royal Swedish Academy of
Science for research and instruction in marine zoology. Prof. EINAR LONNBERG directs
the work of the station, which has an annual budget of 27,262 kronen. The equipment
includes a library, aquarium, darkrooms, living accommodations, several laboratories,
and the 42-foot motorboat, Sven Loven. Course work in marine zoology is given.
Cf. Natural Science 7(6) :407-16; Ark. f. Zool. 4(5) :1-136; Popular Science Monthly
76:125-35; SAND 1898; JUDAY 1910; KOFOID 1910; Chronica Botanica 1936, VAUGHAN
1937.
Fiskebackskil: Klubbans Biologiska Station: At the mouth of the Gullmar
Fiord (with a maximum depth of 394 feet) on the coast of the Skagerak. Established
by the University of Uppsala for instruction of university students in marine zoology.
Prof. SVEN EKMAN directs the work of the station, which is solely to offer course
work in marine zoology to university students. Cf. VAUGHAN 1937.
Goteborg : Oceanografiska Institutionen vid Goteborgs : Sponsored by the Royal
Society of Goteborg for research and instruction in physical oceanography and related
sciences. Dr. HANS PETTERSSON directs the scientific work of the station, which is
housed in a new, 2-story building. Special equipment includes a hydrodynamic tank
(17 X 2 X 1 meters) and a plankton shaft (2 meters in diameter and 12 meters in
length). The station is not open during July and August. Station publication:
Meddelanden fran Oceanografiska Institutet vid Goteborg (1939- ). Cf Nature
145:698; VAUGHAN 1937.
SWITZERLAND
Bourg St. Pierre (Valais) : La Linnaea Jardin et Laboratoire Alpins: In a
valley of the Alps at an altitude of 5,576 feet, the region containing a mixture of both
an arctic and Mediterranean flora. Founded in 1883, and now sponsored by the Institute
of General Botany of the University of Geneva for research and instruction in alpine
botany. Prof. FERDINAND CHODAT directs the work of the station, which consists of
a botanical garden with 2,000 species of alpine plants and a laboratory building A
course is given in the botany of the Alps. The station is open during July and August.
Station publication La Linnaea Jardin et Laboratoire Alpins (an announcement
in French) Cf. Chronica Botanica 1936
Davos: Hydrobiologisches Laboratorium der Landschaft Davos: Cf LENZ 1927;
Chronica Botanica 1936.
Inter lak en: Alpengarten und Laboratorium "Schynige Platte": Cf. Chronica
Botanica 1935.
Junqfraujoch (Berner Oberland) : Hochalpine Forschungsstation Jungfraujoch:
In a high, mountainous region at an elevation of 11,340 feet Established by an autono-
mous council to enable research work in all branches of science to be carried out under
the best possible conditions in a high mountain region Prof. A. V. MURALT directs
the work of the station, which has an annual budget of 24,000 Swiss francs The
5-story building constructed in solid rock contains living quarters, darkrooms, library,
lecture-room, workshop, and several well-equipped laboratories. Application for per-
mission to work at the station must be made through one of the participating societies
(Schweizerische Naturforschende Gesellschaft ; Kaiser Wilhelm-Gesellschaft, Berlin;
Universite de Paris; Royal Society, London; Akademie der Wissenschaften, Wien;
Fonds National de la Recherche Scientifique, Bruxelles; Rockefeller Foundation,
New York; and Jungfraubahn -Gesellschaft, Berne). Investigators whose applications
are approved receive a reduction in railway fares and exemption from customs duty
on consignments of scientific apparatus entering Switzerland. Station publication'
Information and Regulations. C). Chronica Botanica 1935.
Kastanienbaum (Horw) : Hydrobiologisches Laboratorium der Naturf. Gesell-
schaft Luzern: Cf. Arch. f. Hydrobiol. 10:113-18; Int. Rev. Hydrobiol. 9:236;
Chronica Botanica 1935; Ibid. 1939; LENZ 1927.
Zurich: Geobotanisches Forschungsinstitut Rubel : Established in 1918 by Dr.
E. RUBEL and now an autonomous institution for studies in plant taxonomy and ecology.
The headquarters and equipment are at Zurich, but the course in the ecology of alpine
Jack 59 Biological Stations
vegetation is given at Davos. Station publications ' Bericht uber das Geobotanischc
Forschungsinstituts Riibel in Zurich ; Veroffentlichungen des Geobotanischen For-
schungsinstituts Riibel in Zurich.
TUNISIA
Salammbo: Station Oceanographique de Salammbo: Sponsored by the Direction
Generate des Travaux Publics in Tunis to investigate the marine organisms along the
coast of Tunisia. The equipment includes a public museum and aquarium, library, and
several laboratories. Station publications: Notes de la Station Oceanographique de
Salammbo; Bulletin de la Station Oceanographique de Salammbo; Annales de la
Station Oceanographique de Salammbo; Illustrated Catalogue of the Museum and
Aquarium. Cf. Science 63.488; MAGRINI 1927; VAUGHAN 1937.
UNION OF SOCIALIST SOVIET REPUBLICS
Alt-Peterhof . Hydrobiological Section of the Scientific Institute at Peterhof:
Sponsored by the Ministry of Education for hydrobiological and hydrochemical in-
vestigation of animals Station publication. Travaux de 1'Institut des Sciences
Naturelles de Peterhof (1925- ). Cf. Chronica Botanica 1936; LENZ 1927.
Archangel: Algological Research Station: Cf. Chronica Botanica 1936.
Cher son: All-Ukrainian Scientific- Practical Station of the Black and Asov Seas:
Founded in 1918 and now sponsored by the Ministry of Agriculture of the Ukraine
Republic. Station publications- Bulletin der Allukrainischen wissenschaftlich-prak-
tischen Staatsstation des Schwarzen und des Azowschen Meeres; Arbeiten der All-
ukrainischen wisscnschaftlich-praktischen Staatsstation des Schwarzen und des Azow-
schen Meeres (1925- ). Cf. LENZ 1927.
Elenoivka (Armenia) : Sewan Lake Station: On Lake Goktscha in the Caucasus
Mountains Sponsored by the Ministry of Agriculture of the Armenian Republic for
theoretical and practical investigations of Lake Goktscha. Station publication: Ar-
beiten der Sewanseestation Cf. LENZ 1927.
Kossino: Biological Station at Kossino: Founded in 1908 and now sponsored
jointly by the Moscow Society of Nature Research and the Ministry of Education for
theoretical investigations in biology. Prof L. ROSSOLIMO directs the work of the
station, which is housed in a 2-story building. Station publication- Arbeiten der
Biologischen Station /u Kossino (1924- ). Cf. Int. Rev. Hydrobiol. 17:386-87;
Ibid. 25-303-04: Progressive Fish Culturist 34:12-14; LENZ 1927.
Kostroma. Biological Station of the Scientific Society for the Investigation of the
Kostroma Region: Founded in 1919 and now dedicated to theoretical research work
on the Volga Ri\er. Station publication Arbeiten der Wissenschaftlichen Gesell-
schaft zur Erforschung des Lokalgebietes Kostroma. Cf. LENZ 1927.
Krasnoyarsk (Siberia): Siberian Ichthyologicai Laboratory: Sponsored by the
Ministry of Agriculture for practical and theoretical investigations. Station publica-
tion Report of the Ichthyologicai Laboratory in Siberia. Cf. Int. Rev. Hydrobiol.
11:391-92; LENZ 1927.
Lake Glubokoje: Hydrobiological Station on Lake Glubokoje : - Founded in 1888
and now managed by the Biological Station at Kossino for the Moscow Society of
Naturalists. Station publication: Arbeiten der Hydrobiologischen Station am See
Glubokoje (1900- ). Cf. Trav. Soc Imp. Acclim. 2 201-06; Korom 1910; LENZ
1927.
Maritui: Baikal Hydrobiological Station: On Lake Baikal, one of the deepest
lakes in the world (with a reputed depth of 4,725 feet). Sponsored by the Russian
Academy of Sciences for theoretical and practical investigations. Station publication:
Arbeiten der Kommission fur die Erforschung der Baikalsces Cf. LENZ 1927.
Mount Elbrus (Caucasus) : Institute of Research in High Altitudes: Cf. Science
87:550.
Munnan: Biological Station of the Academy of Sciences of the U. S. S. R. at
Murman: On the Arctic Ocean which, owing to the penetration of the warm waters
of the Atlantic, has an extremely rich and diverse fauna. Established in 1881 near
Archangel, moved to near present site in 1899, and an announcement made in 1937
of plans to build a new station in the region to cost three and one-half million rubles.
Sponsored by the Academy of Sciences of the U. S. S. R. with Prof. S. A. ZERNOV as
Chronica Botanica 60 Volume IX (1945)
director. Cf. Zool. Anz. 29:704-07; Ohio Naturalist 8:340-42; Int. Rev. Hydrobiol.
2:499-502; Ibid. 11:222-23; Science 67:158-59; Ibid. 85:536; Nature 139:725; DEAN
1894; SAND 1898; JUDAY 1910; KOFOID 1910; VAUGHAN 1937.
Murom, Vladimir: Oka Biological Station: Founded in 1918 and now sponsored
by the Ministry of Education for theoretical and practical biological investigations.-
Station publication. Arbeiten der Biologischen Oka-Station (Murom-Russland).
Cf. LENZ 1927.
Novorossiisk: Novorossiisk Biological Station: Sponsored by the People's Com-
missariat of Education to investigate the practical problems and objects of the Black
Sea Mr. W. A. WODJANITZKY directs the work of the station, which has an annual
budget of 66,200 rubles. Station publication Arbeiten der Biologischen Noworossijsk-
Station. Cf. LENZ 1927; VAUGHAN 1937.
Otusy (Krim) : Scientific Station of the Moscow Nature Research Society: Cf.
Chronica Botanica 1935.
Perm: Biological Station at Perm on the Kama River: Sponsored by the Bio-
logical-Scientific Research Institute of the University of Perm Station publication:
Bulletin dc 1'Institut des Recherches biologiques et de la Station Biologique a 1'Univer-
site de Perm. Cf. LENZ 1927.
Petrosavodsk- Borodin Hydrobiological Research Institute : Cf. KOFOID 1910;
LENZ 1927.
Prcobrazcmc (Siberia): Algological Research Station: Cf Chronica Botanica
1935.
Saratov Volga Biological Station at Saratov: Founded in 1900 and now directed
by Dr. A. BEIINING for scientific investigation of the life of the Volga and educational
work in hydrobiology. Course work is given to students. Station publications'
Arbeiten der Biologischen Wolgastation (1900- ) ; Monographien der Biologischen
Wolgastation (1924- ). Cf. Int. Rev. Hydrobiol. 3:461-62; Ibid. 5 :581-93 ; Rivista
di Biologia 5:789-90; Int Rev. Hydrohvol. 13:111-13; Ibid. 17:357-61; Rev. Algol.
4:77-80; JUD\Y 1910; KOFOID 1910; LENZ 1927.
Sevastopol. Sevastopol Biological Station: Sponsored by the Academy of Sciences
of the U. S S. R. for oceanographical and hydrobiological observations of the Black
and Asov seas The 3-story building contains a public aquarium, library, darkroom,
and several well-equipped laboratories Course work is given to university students.
Station publication: Memoirs of the Sevastopol Biological Station. Cf. Bull. Biol.
1:280-85; Int. Rev. Hydrobiol. 1:861-63; Ibid. 9:555; DEAN 1894; SAND 1898; JUDAY
1910; KOFOID 1910; VAUGHAN 1937.
Starosselje (Ukraine): Biological Station of the Dnieper: Founded in 1907
and now sponsored by the All-Ukraine Academy of Sciences for theoretical investiga-
tion of the Dnieper basin. Stat ion publication: Travaux de la Station Biologique
du Dnieper ( 1926- ) . Cf. LENZ 1927.
Swcnigorod: Hydrophysiological Station at Swenigorod on the Moskva: Spon-
sored by the National Scientific Institute of the Ministry of Health for theoretical re-
search on the Moskva River. Prof. S. SKADOWSKY directs the work of the station.
Cf LENZ 1927
Vladikavkaz (Caucasus) : North Caucasus Hydrobiological Station: Established
in 1923 for theoretical hydrobiological investigation of alpine waters. Station pub-
lication- Travaux de la Station Biologique du Cauc. du Nord (1925- ). Cf.
LENZ 1927.
Vladivostok: Pacific Institute of Fisheries and Oceanography: Near Ussuri Bay
which is free from ice during the winter. Founded in 1925 under the direction of
Prof. K. M. DERJUGIN and now sponsored by the All-Union Scientific Research Institu-
tion of Marine Fisheries and Oceanography for researches in the hydrology, hydro-
biology, and ichthyology of the region. The plant contains a museum, aquarium,
library, and several laboratories. Cf. Int. Rev. Hydrobiol. 15:396-400; Fifth Pacific
Science Congress 1 :619-22 ; VAUGHAN 1934 ; VAUGHAN 1937.
UNION OF SOUTH AFRICA
Frankenwald: Botanical Research Station of the University of Witwatersrand :
Cf. Chronica Botanica 1939.
Jack 61 Biological Stations
Sea Point: Marine Biological Station of the Division of Fisheries : On the
western side of the Cape Peninsula, with admirable opportunities for the study of
marine flora and fauna. Established in 1939 by the Division of Fisheries of the De-
partment of Commerce and Industry, being partially a continuation of the biological
station founded in 1895 at St. James on False Bay. Dr. CECIL VON BONDE directs the
work of the station, which has an annual budget of 13,000. The plant contains a
library, darkroom, public aquarium, several laboratories, the 136-foot, 313-ton steam
survey vessel, Africana, and a 50-foot motorboat, Impala. Station ptiblications: An-
nual Report of the Division of Fisheries; Investigation Reports. Cf. VAUGHAN 1937.
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
Arizona
Flagstaff: San Francisco Mountain Zoological Station: -At an altitude of 7,100
feet. Founded in 1926 by HAROLD S. COLTON and now sponsored by the Northern
Arizona Society of Science and Art to form a center from which the biology, geology,
ethnology, and archaeology of the Plateau of Northern Arizona may be studied. The
station makes use of the facilities of the Museum of Northern Arizona. Open from
June to September. Cf. Science 69:132; Turtox 1932.
California
Angwiti: Pacific Union College Field Nature School: An itinerant field school,
with headquarters at Pacific Union College. Prof. HAROLD W. CLARK directs the work
of the school, which offers a course in field nature study every other summer. Cf.
Turtox 1937.
Corona Del Mar: Kerckhoff Marine Laboratory: Sponsored by the California
Institute of Technology for research in experimental embryology, physiology, marine
ecology, biophysics, and chemistry to supplement that done at the sponsoring institution
Prof. G. E. MACGINITIE directs the work of the station, which is housed in a 2-story
building. Cf. VAUGHAN 1934; VAUGHAN 1937.
Dillon Beach" Pacific Marine Laboratory: Founded in 1933 by the College of the
Pacific for instruction and research in marine biology. Prof. ALDEN E. NOBLE directs
the work of the station, which is open from June to September. Summer course work
is given in general zoology and invertebrate zoology.
Laguna Beach (Orange County) : Laguna Beach Marine Laboratory: Founded
in 1911 by Prof. C. F. BAKER and now sponsored by Pomona College for summer
instruction in biology for undergraduate and graduate students. Prof. WILLIAM A.
HILTON directs the work of the station, which is open during the summer months only.
Summer course work is offered in the biology of vertebrates and invertebrates, human
biology, human origins, and animal ecology. Cf. Int. Rev. Hydrobiol. 7:134-35;
Science 39 -200-02 ; The Biologist 18 86-87; MAGRINI 1927; VAUGHAN 1934; VAUGHAN
1937; Turtox 1937.
La Jolla. Scripps Institution of Oceanography: Within collecting range of the
institution are long stretches of sandy shores interspersed with rocky reefs exposed
to the open sea. Founded in 1892 by Dr. WILLIAM E. RITTER at Pacific Grove and
moved to present site in 1905. Sponsored by the University of California for research
and graduate instruction in oceanography and marine biology. Dr. HARALD U.
SVERDRUP directs the work of the station, which has an annual budget of $110,000. The
resident scientific staff consists of 12 persons. The equipment includes a public aqua-
rium, 24 cottage residences, seismograph room, museum, offices, library, assembly
room, many laboratories, a re-enforced concrete pier, and the 104-foot research vessel,
E. W. Scripps. Course work is given in marine meteorology, physical oceanography,
marine geology, chemical oceanography, marine microbiology, phytoplankton, marine
invertebrates, marine biochemistry, and biology of fishes. Station publications. Bulle-
tin of the Scripps Institution of Oceanography of the University of California, Tech-
nical Series (1927- ) ; annual reports on the activity of the institution appear in the
Transactions, American Geophysical Union. Cf. Harpers 110:456-63; Science 26:386-
88; University of California Chronicle 9:1-7; Int. Rev. Hydrobiol. 1:863-65; Univer-
sity of California Publications in Zoology 9(4) :137-248; Pop. Sci. Mon. 86 -223-32;
Ghronica Botanica 62 Volume IX (1945)
School and Society 3:453-54, Science 63297, Scientific Monthly 37:371-75; The
Collecting Net 11 (2) .1-5; The Biologist 18.87-96; MACRINI 1927; VAUGHAN 1934;
Turtox 1937; VAUGHAN 1937.
Nordcn (Placer County) : San Francisco State College Science Field Session:
Sponsored by San Francisco State College to provide opportunity for study in one
of California's most attractive localities Summer course work is given in astronomy,
geology, and the flora and fauna of the Sierra. No research facilities.
Pacific Grove: Hopkins Marine Station: In the Monterey Bay region, \vith
extraordinarily rich fauna and flora. Founded in 1892 as the Hopkins Seaside Labora-
tory by DAVID STARR JORDAN, CHARLES HENRY GILBERT, and OLIVER PEEBLES JENKINS
Now sponsored by Stanford University to undertake research in biology, to provide
facilities for visiting investigators, and to furnish elementary and advanced instruction
in biology. Prof. WALTER K. FISHER directs the work of the station. The equipment
includes a small museum, marine shop, library, offices, darkrooms, and many well-
equipped laboratories. Summer courses are given in the ecology of marine organisms,
marine biology, marine invertebrates, marine fishes, marine algae, general microbiology,
comparative physiology, physiology of marine plants, and experimental embryology.
Station publication Annual Bulletin of the Hopkins Marine Station. Cf. Zoe 4 :58-63 ;
Natural Science 11:28-35; Overland Monthly ns 32-208; Jour. Applied Microscopy
and Laboratory Methods 5:1869-75; Pop. Sci. Mon 86:223-32; Science 47:410-12;
Int Rev Hydrobiot. 10:547-49; Science 62:76; Scientific Monthly 29:298-303; The
Collecting Net 6:65-71 ; The Biologist 18 96-99, SAND 1898, MAGRINI 1927; VAUC.HAN
1934; Turtox 1937; VAUGHAN 1937.
San Jose- West Coast School of Nature Study: Founded in 1931 and sponsored
by San Jose State College to better prepare teachers for the "nature in the classroom"
type of teaching. Prof. P. VICTOR PETERSON directs the work of the school, which is
almost wholly in the field, and changes its site frequently. There are no research
facilities. Cf. Turtox 1937.
Santa Barbara: Santa Barbara School of Natural Science: Sponsored by Santa
Barbara State College in order to offer popular summer field courses in nature study
for California teachers. No research facilities are available Cf. TURTOX 1937.
Yosemitc National Park: Yosemite School of Field Natural History: The fauna
and flora of the area are extensive, due to the wide range of topography and elevation
(2,000 to 13,000 feet) Founded in 1925 by Dr. HAROLD C BRYANT and sponsored by
the U. S National Park Service to train students in methods of interpreting living
nature and to train naturalists for the National Park Service. Mr. C. A. HARWELL
directs the work of the school, which offers a 7-wcek course in natural history during
the summer months. Research facilities are not available. Cf. School and Society
32:590-92; Nature Magazine 19 274, Turtox 1937.
Colorado
Cuchara Camps. Nature Enjoyment Camp: At an altitude of 8,200 feet in the
Rocky Mountains. Founded in 1939 and sponsored by the Huerfano Group of the
Colorado Mountain Club to train leadership in methods of out-of-door teaching and
nature guiding. No research facilities are available.
Gothic (Gunnison County)* Rocky Mountain Biological Laboratory: In an
area comprising about a half million acres of virgin territory, with elevations rang-
ing from 8,000 to 14,000 feet. Founded in 1927 and sponsored by the Rocky Mountain
Biological Laboratory, Inc., for research and instruction in subjects best studied in
high mountain areas. Dr. JOHN C. JOHNSON directs the work of the station, which
consists of 15 buildings and staff residences. Summer courses are given in ecology,
field botany, parasitology, and other biological sciences and geology. The laboratory
is open from June twentieth to September first. Cf. The Biologist 18:105-08; Turtox
1937.
Mount Evans: Mount Evans Laboratory: At the summit of Mount Evans,
14,250 feet above sea level. Founded in 1936 and now sponsored by the University
of Denver and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology to study high altitude phe-
nomena. Prof. J. C. STEARNS directs the work of the laboratory, which is equipped
Jack 63 Biological Stations
with both scientific and living- facilities. The laboratory is open from June to October.
Cf. Science 31:220; Ibid. 87:431-32; Scientific Monthly 46:242-48
Nederland: Science Lodge: On the flank of Mount Niwot, 9,500 feet above
sea level, just below timbcrline and close to the continental divide. Sponsored by the
University of Colorado for actual field experience in geology and biology. Summer
courses are given in field biology and many phases of geology. The station is open
from the third week of June to the fourth week of August Cf. Univ. Colorado Bull.
17(1):1-14; Science 56:162-63; The Biologist 18:101-04; Turtox 1937.
Connecticut
Lakeville: Science of the Out-of -Doors: -Established by Teachers College of
Columbia University to give teachers guidance in the utilization of features in the
natural phenomena of the out-of-doors. Prof. F. L. FITZPATRICK directs the work
of this school, which offers a 4-week course in field work each summer. Cf. The
Biologist 18:109-10; Turtox 1937.
Florida
Belle Isle (Miami Beach) : Belle Isle Laboratory of the University of Miami:
Located on an island on the auto causeway connecting the cities of Miami and Miami
Beach. Within an area readily accessible to the laboratory is found a wide variety
of aquatic habitats and the Gulf Stream is only a short distance from land. Established
by the University of Miami with Dr. F. C. WALTON SMITH as director. Ample
laboratory accommodations for classes and independent investigators are available and
living facilities may be obtained nearby. Cf. Science 98-141-43.
Englewood: Bass Biological Laboratory: On Lemon Bay which opens into the
Gulf of Mexico. Founded in 1932 by the late JOHN F. BASS, jr. to furnish research
facilities to investigators in biological fields where the fauna, flora, and climate play
an important role in the problems under observation.
Pensacola: Gulf Coast Fisheries Laboratory: Offshore the laboratory there are
coral reefs and sand, mud, rock, and shell bottoms. Founded in 1937 and sponsored
by the United States Fish and Wildlife Service for biological research on fisheries and
related problems. Dr A. E. HOPKINS directs the work of the laboratory. The equip-
ment includes a library, museum, dormitory, residences, boat house, several kinds of
laboratories, and several boats Cf Science 90:11; Proc Fla. Acad. Sci. 4:175-78.
Illinois
Champaign University of Illinois Animal Ecology Study Trip: An itinerant
field station sponsored by the Department of Zoology of the University of Illinois.
Established in 1936 for instruction in animal ecology. Prof. V. E. SIIELPORD directs
the work of the study trip, which offers no facilities to investigators.
Indiana
Winona Lake. Indiana University Biological Station: Habitats available for
study include mcsophytic deciduous forests, a variety of glacial lakes in various stages
of development and decay, and a medium-sized river. Founded in 1895 by Dr. C. H.
EIGENMANN and now sponsored by Indiana University for research in most phases of
fresh water biology and physics Dr. WILLIAM E. RICKER directs the work of the
station, which is open during June, July, and August Cf. Science 10:925-29; LENZ
1927; Turtox 1937.
Iowa
McGregor: American Institute of Nature Study: Founded in 1918 and now spon-
sored jointly by the Iowa Conservation Commission and the citizens of McGregor for
instruction in nature study. Rev. GLENN W. McMiCHAEL is executive director of the
institute, which gives a 2- week course in nature study each summer. Cf. Turtox 1937
Milford: Iowa Lakeside Laboratory : On West Okoboji Lake, of glacial origin
and 132 feet deep with a shoreline of 18 miles Founded in 1909 and now sponsored
by a board of managers from several state and federal agencies for the purpose of
studying the hydrology and biology of the State of Iowa Prof. JOSEPH H. BODINE is
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 u 1 1 1 1 1 1 m 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
Jack 65 Biological Stations
director of the laboratory. Research, instructional, and living accommodations are
available. Summer courses are given in biology and protozoology. The station is
open between the second week in June and the third week in August. Cj, Science
49:46-67; The Biologist 18:114-22; LENZ 1927; Turtox 1937.
Louisiana
Grand Isle: Louisiana State University Field Laboratory: On an island at the
foot of Barataria Bay, west of the mouth of the Mississippi River, with a fine sand
beach on the Gulf of Mexico and mud flats and marshes on Barataria Bay. Sponsored
by Louisiana State University for instruction and research on Louisiana marine life.
Prof. E. H. BEHRE is director of the laboratory, which consists of one building and a
tent colony for living accommodations. Summer course work is given in marine
zoology for advanced students and biology teachers. The laboratory is open during
June and July. Cj. Turtox 1937.
Maine
Damariscotta: Audubon Nature Camp: Established by the National Audubon
Society to offer adult leaders at low cost two-week sessions of ecological study guided
by a highly competent and enthusiastic staff of specialists. Mr. CARL W. BUCHHEISTER
directs the work of the camp which has an annual budget of $13,000. Facilities are not
available to research investigators. Cj. Bird Lore 37 -.440-41 ; Ibid. 38 :3, 36-37, 204-06,
288-92, 348-52; Ibid. 39:127-32, 366; Natural History 39:318-28; Nature Magazine
31 :212-14; Bird Lore 40:120-22; Turtox 1937.
Lamoine: University of Maine Marine Laboratory: Easy access to the unusually
rich flora and fauna of the Gulf of Maine. Sponsored by the University of Maine
to offer instruction in marine zoology. Prof. JOSEPH M. MURRAY is director of the
laboratory, which is open from July first to September first. There are ample re-
search, instructional, and living accommodations. Course-work is given each summer
in marine invertebrate zoology. Cj. Science 87 :S05 ; Turtox 1937 ; VAUGHAN 1937.
Salisbury Cove: Mount Desert Island Biological Laboratory: Accessible to the
Acadian fauna, with tides of eleven to fourteen feet. Founded in 1898 as the Harpswell
Laboratory by J. S. KINGSLEY and now sponsored by the Mount Desert Island Biological
Laboratory, Inc., to establish and maintain a laboratory for biological study and in-
vestigation in the State of Maine. Prof. WILLIAM H. COLE is director of the labora-
tory, which has an annual budget of $8,000. Equipment includes dining hall, darkroom,
library, shop, laboratories, and the 30-foot power boat, Dahlgren. Course work is
given each summer in invertebrate zoology. The laboratory is open from June fifteenth
to September fifteenth. Station, publication: Bulletin of the Mount Desert Island
Biological Laboratory. Cj. Science 17:983-86; Popular Science Monthly 74:504-13;
Int. Rev. Hydrobiol. 4:537-39; Science 41:603-04; Natural History 22:47-55; The
Biologist 18:123-26; Science 87:13; Ibid. 92:305; Turtox 1937; VAUGHAN 1937.
Maryland
Solomons Island: Chesapeake Biological Laboratory: On the western shore of
Chesapeake Bay at the mouth of the Patuxent River. Maintained by the State of
Maryland as a research and study center where facts tending toward a fuller apprecia-
tion of nature may be gathered and disseminated. Prof. R. V. TRUITT is director of
the laboratory, which has an annual budget of $21,000. The two, 3-story brick build-
ings contain offices, museum, classrooms, library, living accommodations, and many
well-equipped laboratories. Several types of boats are available. Summer courses
are given in economic zoology, invertebrates, invertebrate embryology, and diatoms.
Station publications: Bulletin of the Chesapeake Biological Laboratory; Annual Re-
port Cj. Science 76:205-06. Ibid. 85:513-14; The Biologist 18:127-34; Turtox 1937;
VAUGHAN 1937.
Massachusetts
Plymouth: Nature Guide School : Sponsored by Massachusetts State College to
train outdoor leaders. Prof. WILLIAM G. VINAL is director and founder of the school,
which offers a 6-week summer course in nature education. Cj. Turtox 1937.
Woods Hole: Marine Biological Laboratory :- The fauna and flora are excep-
tionally rich, there being no muddy river or city sewage to pollute the sea water and
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PLAN
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BIOLOGICAL STATION
UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN
5CALC *-
A PLAN OF THE GROUNDS A
the shore being varied by necks, points, flats, gutters, bays, and islands. Founded
in 1888 as an outgrowth of the Annisquam Seaside Laboratory with Dr. C. O.
WHITMAN as director. It is now an autonomous institution dedicated to the promotion
of biological research by supplying investigators with facilities for their work and by
offering courses which contribute to the training of investigators. Prof. CHARLES
PACKARD is director of the laboratory, which maintains a summer staff of 44 profes-
sors. The plant includes a 4-story brick laboratory building, four wooden laboratory
buildings, three buildings used by the supply department, carpenter shop, mess hall,
club house, dwellings, and dormitories. These contain offices, dark rooms, balance
rooms, X-ray rooms, auditorium, museum, many private and general laboratories, and
a library, the latter containing 52,000 bound volumes, 130,000 reprints, and 1,300 cur-
rent scientific periodicals. Summer courses are given in protozoology, invertebrate
zoology, embryology, physiology, and the morphology and taxonomy of algae. Sta-
tion publications: Biological Bulletin (1899- ); Annual Report Cf. Science
9:382-83; Ibid. 11:20-21, 305-06; Ibid. 12:37-38; Pop. Sci. Mon. 42:459-71; Science
7:37-44; Ibid. 12:233-44; Ibid. 16:529-33, 591-92; Smithsonian Report for 1902:625-32;
Science 26:839-42; Ibid. 28:509-10; School Science and Mathematics 8:337-40; Nature
84:527-28; Int. Rev. Hydrobiol. 5:583-89; Hearst's Magazine 24:784-86; Outlook
107:767-68; Pop. Sci. Mon. 85:203-04; Science 40:229-32; Ibid. 58:142-43, 198; New
Republic 36:178-79; Science 59:371-72; Ibid. 62:26, 271-80; School and Society 26:592-
93; Scientific Monthly 27:186-90; Science 70:208-10; Ibid. 80:308; Scientific Monthly
39:377-80; The Biologist 18:135-39; Science 88:402; Ibid. 89:57-58; Turtox News
18:93-94; Science 92:213; Ibid. 94:206; Ibid. 95:14; SAND 1898; Turtox 1937; FRANK
R. LILLIE: The Woods Hole Marine Biological Laboratory. University of Chicago
Press, 284 pp., 1944.
Woods Hole: Woods Hole Occanographic Institution : The nearness of Woods
Hole to the transition zone between inshore and oceanic waters, the abruptness of this
NI) BUILDINGS OF THE BIOLOGICAL STATION OF THE U.VIVERjf ICHIGAN AT CtlEBOYGAN LAKE, MICHIGAN (courtesy Unir. of Michigan).
transition, and the nearness to the continental abyss and ocean basin all make this a
particularly favorable headquarters for investigations into many of the basic problems
in oceanography that are now engaging scientific attention. Founded in 1930 by an
endowment from the Rockefeller Foundation on recommendation of the National
Academy of Sciences. It is now an autonomous institution dedicated to the study of
oceanography in all its branches. Prof. COLUMBUS ISELIN directs the work of the
station, which has an annual budget of $110,000. The 4-story building contains a
constant temperature room, machine shop, offices, chart room, library, drafting room,
darkrooms, and many well-equipped general and individual laboratories. Boats in-
clude the 142-foot research ship, Atlantis, and the 40-foot gasoline launch, Asterias.
No instruction is offered, but a limited number of visiting investigators may be accom-
modated, either at the institution or on the Atlantis. Station publications: Papers in
Physical Oceanography and Meteorology (1933- ) ; Collected Reprints (1933- ) ;
Report for the Year. Cf. Jour. Conseil Int. Explor. Mer 5:226-28; VAUGHAN 1937;
FRANK R. LILLIE, The Woods Hole Marine Biological Laboratory. University of
Chicago Press, pp. 177-91, 1944.
Michigan
Clear Lake (Montmorency County) : Michigan State College School of Field
Biology: Sponsored by Michigan State College to train teachers, undergraduates,
and graduate students in biology. Prof. JOSEPH W. STACK directs 'the work of the
school. C/. Turtox News 18(2) :40-42; Turtox 1937.
Cheboygan: Biological Station of the University of Michigan: On the shores of
Douglas Lake, in the transition zone between the evergreen coniferous forest region
to the north and the deciduous hardwood forest region to the south. Founded in 1909
and now sponsored by the University of Michigan for teaching and research in botanv
and zoology. Prof. ALFRED H. STOCKARD is director of the station, which has an
Ghronica Botanica 68 Volume IX (1945)
annual budget of $16,500. The faculty consists of eleven professors, there is a well-
equipped campus with excellent laboratory and living facilities. Each summer courses
are given in the taxonomy of fresh-water algae, taxonomy of the bryophytes, sys-
tematic botany, plant anatomy, plant ecology, aquatic flowering plants, plant tissue cul-
ture and morphogenesis, entomology, ornithology, ichthyology, natural history of in-
vertebrates, herpetology and mammalogy, limnology, and helminthology. The station
is open from June twentieth to September first. Cf. School Science and Mathematics
13:411-15; Science 47:381-83; Ibid. 49:466-67; Report of the Michigan Academy of
Science, Arts and Letters 22:91-99; Science 57:412-13; The Collecting Net 6:169-73;
The Biologist 13:130-37; Ibid. 18:140-48; LENZ 1927; Turtox 1937.
Minnesota
Itasc a State Park: Lake Itasca Forestry and Biological Station: On the east
shore of Lake Itasca, with a diverse series of habitats furnishing a characteristic
succession of plants and animals. Sponsored by the University of Minnesota for the
advancement of terrestrial and fresh-water biology by means of promoting and provid-
ing opportunities for instruction and research. Prof. T. SCHANZ-HANSEN directs the
work of the station. There are ample laboratory and living accommodations. Summer
courses are given in field taxonomy (botany), field botany, elementary field ecology,
bryophytes and pteridophytcs, field research methods in ecology, field dendrology, field
mycology, field entomology, wildlife conservation, parasitology, natural history of
invertebrates and fishes, protozoology, limnology, and helminthology. The station is
open from June to October.
Mississippi
Biloxi: Mississippi Delta State Teachers College Field Botany Trip: Sponsored
by Mississippi Delta State Teachers College to give instruction in field botany. Prof.
R. L. CAYLOR directs the work of the trip, which is housed in a permanent camp on the
shore of the Gulf of Mexico A summer course in field botany is given. Cf. Turtox
1937.
Neiv Hampshire
Isles of Shoals Isles of Shoals Marine Zoological Laboratory: An excellent base
for the study of marine life under a variety of conditions. Established in 1928 by
Prof. C. FLOYD JACKSON and now directed by him for the University of New Hamp-
shire. There are ample laboratory and living accommodations on the island. Summer
courses are given in comparative anatomy, invertebrate zoology, histology-embryology,
marine biology, laboratory technique, and the teaching of biology in secondary schools.
The laboratory is open only during the summer months. Cf. The Biologist 18:153-59;
Turtox 1937; VAUGHAN 1937.
Nelson: Merriconn Biological Laboratory: Founded in 1933 by Prof. PARKE H
STRUTHERS and now maintained by him as a private laboratory open to teachers and
advanced students who wish to devote a part of the summer to increase their profes-
sional background and investigations in the field of biology. Laboratory and living
accommodations are available. Summer courses are given in comparative anatomy, field
zoology, and nature training. The laboratory is open to independent investigators
from June fifteenth to September fifteenth. Cf. The Biologist 18:111-13; Turtox
1937.
North Woodstock: New Hampshire Nature Camp: In a high mountain valley
about 1,800 feet above sea level. An autonomous institution under the sponsorship
of Mr. LAWRENCE J. WEBSTER to train teachers and others in nature study and in
various methods of imparting this knowledge to others. Dr. JARVIS B. HADLEY directs
the work of the camp, which offers limited facilities to investigators. Cf. Turtox 1937.
New Mexico
Las Vegas: Biology Field Courses of Texas Technological College: At an alti-
tude of 8,000 feet in a heavily timbered valley surrounded by rather high mountains
and mesas. Founded in 1934 and sponsored by Texas Technological College to teach
undergraduates biology. Dr. R. A. STUDHALTER is director of the station. Summer
course work is given in general biology, although there are no facilities for investiga-
tors. Cf. Turtox 1937.
Jack 69 Biological Stations
New York
Cold Spring^ Harbor (Long Island) : Biological Laboratory of the Long Island
Biological Association: The harbor is not exposed to the surf of Long Island Sound,
the result being that marine animals and plants grow near the laboratory in great
numbers. Founded in 1890 by Prof. FRANKLIN W. HOOPER with Dr. BASHFORD DEAN
as director. The laboratory is now sponsored by an autonomous institution, the Long
Island Biological Association, with an annual budget of about $25,000. Dr. M.
DEMEREC is director of the laboratory. The equipment includes technical shops, library,
animal rooms, many kinds of laboratories, dining room, and dormitories. Summer
courses were given in experimental surgery, experimental endocrinology, and marine
and fresh water zoology. Each summer the laboratory invites a group of chemists,
mathematicians, physicists, and biologists to take part in a S-week symposium in some
selected aspect of quantitative biology. The laboratory closely cooperates with the
adjacent Dept. of Genetics of the Carnegie Institution. Station publications: Cold
Spring Harbor Symposia on Quantitative Biology (1933- ) ; Annual Report Cf.
Int. Rev. Hydrobiol. 4-223-26; Science 59:332; Ibid. 63-419; Rivista di Biologia
12:150-58; Science 88: suppl. 10; The Collecting Net 15(1) :1, 3-4; SAND 1898;
Turtox 1937; Science 99 395-397.
[Quaker Bridge: Allegony School of Natural History: After a short but influen-
tial existence, this institution was abandoned permanently in 1941. Cf. Science
65:201; Playground 21:170; School and Society 27:598-601; Ibid. 28:106; Ibid
31 :197-98; Elementary School Journal 29:569-70; Bird Lore 35:125-28; School Science
and Mathematics 38 :67-71 ]
North Carolina
Beaufort. Duke University Marine Station: Established by Duke University
to study marine biology. Prof A. S. PEARSE is director. There are three dormitories,
a laboratory-building, a boat-house, a dining hall, and the caretaker's residence. Sum-
mer courses are given in algae, marine zoology, plant ecology, parasitology, and inver-
tebrate zoology. Cf. Science 87 454.
Beaufort- Fisheries Biological Station at Beaufort, North Carolina: Easily
accessible are a large variety of aquatic animals and plants, including those living in
the open ocean, in brackish water, and in fresh water. Established in 1899 and now
sponsored by the United States Fish and Wildlife Service for investigations of marine
biology. Dr HERBERT F. PRYTHLRCH is director of the station, which has an annual
budget of about $17,000. The eight buildings contain a marine aquarium, museum,
dormitory rooms, library, and several types of laboratories. Available boats include
a 46-foot cruiser, a 33-foot boat, and an 18-foot outboard motorboat. Cf. Int. Rev.
Hydrobiol. 7:122-26; Science 69-547-49; U. S. Bureau of Fisheries Economic Circular
72; MAGRINI 1927; Turtox 1937; VAUGHAN 1937.
Highlands: Highlands Museum and Biological Laboratory: Situated abreast of
the Blue Ridge at an elevation of 4,000 feet. Established in 1927 and now an autono-
mous institution to promote, conduct, and maintain biological research in the southern
Appalachian Mountains. Prof. W. C. COKER directs the work of the laboratory, which
is open during July and August to investigators. Station publication: Publications of
the Highlands Museum and Biological Laboratory (1930- ). Cf. Jour. Elisha
Mitchell Scientific Society 49:35; Mycologia 25:330-31.
Ohio
Put-in-Bay: Franz Theodore Stone Laboratory : On an island in Lake Erie.
Established at Sandusky in 1896 and moved to present site in 1918. Sponsored by
Ohio State University in cooperation with the Ohio Division of Conservation and
Natural Resources for the development of biological research and the application of
its results to the welfare of humanity. Prof. THOMAS H. LANGLOIS directs the work
of the station, which maintains a year-round scientific staff of seven persons. There
is a well-equipped, 3-story laboratory building and also living accommodations. Sum-
mer courses are given in plant taxonomy, plant ecology, fresh water algae, higher
aquatic plants, physiology of aquatic plants, advanced entomology, aquatic entomology,
climatology, invertebrate zoology, aquiculture, ichthyology, animal parasitology, field
Ghronica Botanica 70 Volume IX (1945)
biology, advanced ornithology, herpetology, comparative physiology, and physiology of
fishes. Station publication: Contributions from the Franz Theodore Stone Labora-
tory. Cf. Jour. Applied Micro. 6:2550-553; Science 49:466-69; The Biologist 18:149-
52; Science 87:315-16; Turtox 1937.
Oregon
Coos Head: Oregon Institute of Marine Biology: At the entrance to Coos Bay
which contains wide stretches of tide-flats interspersed with sandy and rocky beaches.
Sponsored by the Oregon State System of Higher Education for instruction and re-
search in marine biology. Prof. EARL L. PACKARD is director. Summer course work
is given in field zoology, biology of fishes, embryology of marine invertebrates, in-
vertebrate zoology, taxonomy and ecology of marine algae, morphology of marine
algae, systematic botany, paleobiology, and biological science survey. The Institute
is open during June and July. Cf. Science 85:240; VAUGHAN 1934; VAUGHAN 1937.
Pennsylvania
Bristol Township (Bucks County): Effingham B. Morris Biological Farm: -
Sponsored by the Wistar Institute of Anatomy and Biology with Dr EDMOND J.
FARRIS as executive director. Laboratory and living accommodations are available
to qualified investigators. Cf. Bull. Wistar Institute of Anatomy and Biology 8:1-31.
Huntingdon County: Pennsylvania State College Nature Camp: Founded in 1923
by Prof. GEORGE R. GREEN and now sponsored by Pennsylvania State College to pro-
vide outdoor training and experience under expert field naturalists and to satisfy the
demands of teachers and nature lovers for practical nature study and science field work.
Ample living and laboratory facilities are available for summer course and research
work in nature education. Cf. Turtox 1937.
Presque Isle Peninsula (Erie County) : University of Pittsburgh Lake Labora-
tory: A peninsula in Lake Erie, with a continuous ecological series of ponds and
marshes Sponsored by the University of Pittsburgh as a field station for research
and undergraduate instruction. Prof O. E. JENNINGS is director of the laboratory,
which is housed in a small, wooden building. Summer courses are given in field
botany, nature study, field zoology, and entomology. The laboratory is open to in-
vestigators from the last week of June to the end of August Cf. Turtox 1937.
Rhode Island
Narraqansett: Narragansett Laboratory of Rhode Island State College: On the
shore of Narragansctt Bay, in which the winter fauna is predominately boreal and
the summer fauna is Virginian with a periodic influx of open ocean and gulf stream
forms in late summer. Sponsored by the Rhode Island Division of Fish and Game
and Rhode Island State College to offer facilities for marine research. CHARLES J.
FISH directs the work of the laboratory, which contains good scientific equipment
The laboratory is open from June fifteenth to September first to investigators Cf.
VAUGHAN 1937.
South Dakota
Nemo: South Dakota State College Botany Summer Camp: In the heart of the
Black Hills with a diversity of biological habitats Sponsored by the Botany Depart-
ment of South Dakota State College for instruction and research in the taxonomy and
ecology of the Black Hills flora. Prof. LEON C. SNYDER is director of the Camp,
which is erected on land belonging to the National Forest Service. A summer course
is given in the taxonomy of the Black Hills flora. Investigators may work at the
camp between the second week of June and the third week of July.
Waubay: Lake Enemy Swim Biological Station : Sponsored by Northern State
Teachers College to offer the best possible opportunity to teachers, students, and in-
vestigators for the study and investigation of problems of the life sciences. Prof.
SIDNEY R. LIPSCOMB directs the work of the station, which contains dormitories, dining
hall, and a central laboratory building. Summer courses are given in natural science,
animal biology, taxonomy of the flowering plants, plant anatomy, eugenics, and
animal histology. No facilities are available to investigators. Cf. Turtox 1937.
Jack 71 Biological Stations
Tennessee
Reelfoot Lake: Reel foot Lake Biological Station: On the banks of Reelfoot
Lake which was formed by an earthquake in 1815 and with the areas, therefore,
definitely dated. Sponsored by the Tennessee Academy of Science to furnish opportu-
nity for research to advanced investigators. Prof. CLINTON L. BAKER is director of
the station, which consists of a well-equipped laboratory building. The station is
open to investigators from June first to September fifteenth. Station publication
Report of the Reelfoot Lake Biological Station (1937- ). Cf. Jour. Term. Acad.
Sci. 1:11-15; Science 76:208; Turtox 1937.
Utah
Utah Lake Brigham Young University Lakeside Biological Laboratory: On a
shallow, fresh-water lake with an area of about 75,000 acres. Sponsored by Brigham
Young University to study the ecology of the flora and fauna of the lake. Prof.
VASCO M. TANNER directs the work of the laboratory, which consists of one laboratory
building. Cf. Turtox 1937.
Vermont
Nczi'fane- Summer School of Bryology: The hills of southern Vermont offer
a moss and hepatic flora which is unusually abundant. Sponsored by the Long Island
Biological Association to instruct students wishing to gain proficiency in the study of
mosses Prof A. J. GROUT directs the work of the school, which contains a library,
laboratory space, and a herbarium of 30,000 specimens. Summer course work of an
informal nature is offered in bryology. The school is open to investigators from June
to October Station publication The Moss Flora of North America, North of
Mexico.
Randolph Green Mountain Nature Camp : An autonomous institution directed
by M. ELSIE OSGOOD to combine an invigorating, but restful vacation in the open with
a chance to study nature first-hand Informal course work is given during the summer
in nature study. Research facilities are not available.
Virginia
Chester Virginia Natural History Institute Nature Leaders Training Course :
Founded in 1940 under the initiative of the National Recreation Association to provide
training and practical field experience to leaders and prospective leaders for park, re-
creational, and camping agencies and educational institutions. REYNOLD E. CARLSON
is director of the Course, which is given during the summer. Research facilities are
not available.
Mountain Lake- Mountain Lake Biological Station: At an altitude of almost
4,000 feet, and within a radius of five miles collections can be made from places with
a difference of 2,500 feet in altitude. Founded in 1929 and now sponsored by the Uni-
versity of Virginia to offer facilities for graduate instruction and research in the
biological field to qualified students, teachers, and investigators from the Southern
States. Prof. IVEY F. LEWIS is director of the station, which has an annual budget of
$11,000. Equipment includes a library, herbarium, museum, auditorium, darkrooms,
culture rooms, offices, classrooms, dining hall, living cottages, dormitories, and trucks.
Summer courses are given in the morphology of seed plants, plant taxonomy, phycology,
mycology, protozoology, cell morphology, experimental morphogenesis, and hydro-
biology. The station is open to investigators from June fifteenth to September first
Cf. Science 80-112-13; Life 9:49-51; Turtox 1937.
Yorktouw: Virginia Fisheries Laboratory: Within easy reach of the James
River and only seven miles from the deeper waters of Chesapeake Bay. Established
recently by the College of William and Mary and the Commission of Fisheries in
Virginia in order to conduct investigations and give instruction in aquatic biology and
consenation. Dr. CURTIS L. NEWOOMBE is director of the laboratory. While class-
work is done mainly at Williamsburg, research requiring running sea-water is con-
ducted at Yorktown. The 45-foot Agnes Hope is used for off-shore studies
Washinyton
College Place: Walla Walla College Field Nature School : Sponsored by Walla
Walla College to afford an opportunty for students interested in nature to learn to
Ghronica Botanica 72 Volume IX (1945)
understand nature from first-hand observation. An itinerant school, pupils travelling
every other summer 800 miles from the Blue Mountains in eastern Oregon down the
Columbia River to Mount Rainier. Prof. HAROLD W. CLARK is director of the school,
which does not offer research facilities.
Friday Harbor: University of Washington Oceanographic Laboratories: The
inland waters of the San Juan Archipelago and adjacent territory have a great
variety and wealth of marine flora and fauna. Founded in 1904 and now sponsored
by the University of Washington for independent research, directed research, and
seminar and formal courses in the different phases of oceanography. Prof. THOMAS
G. THOMPSON is director of the laboratories, which have an annual budget of $15,000.
The equipment includes seven laboratory buildings, stockroom, dining hall, living tents,
cantilever pier, 50-foot power boat, Medea, and the 75-foot research vessel, Catalyst.
There is also a 3-story laboratory building at Seattle. Summer courses are given in
the physiology of bacteria, marine plants, physiology of marine plants, phytoplankton,
oceanographic chemistry, physical oceanography, biochemistry of marine life, oceano-
graphic meteorology advanced invertebrate embryology, and advanced invertebrate
zoology. Research facilities are available during June, July, and August Station
publications: University of Washington Publications in Oceanography (1932- ) ;
University of Washington Publications in Oceanography, Supplementary Series (1931-
). Cf. Pop. Sci. Mon. 86:223-32; Science 69-331-32; Natural History 3673-80;
Jour. Chemical Education 13-203-09; The Biologist 18:160-70; MAGRINI 1927;
VAUGHAN 1934; Turtox 1937; VAUGHAN 1937.
Seattle: University of Washington Field Course in Botany: An itinerant
station sponsored by the University of Washington to acquaint students with the
vegetation of North America and to give University of Washington botanists better
access to the less well-known botanical regions of that area. Dr. C. LEO HITCHCOCK
directs the work of this field course, which offers formal work in plant taxonomy dur-
ing the summer. Independent investigators may accompany the course.
West Virginia
Morgantown- West Virginia University Biological Expedition: An itinerant
station sponsored by West Virginia University to complement the ordinary biological
courses with outdoor laboratory work. Prof. P. D. STRAUSBAUGH directs the work
of the expedition, which offers summer courses in botany and zoology. A limited
number of investigators may be accommodated. Cf. the Biologist 18:171-76; Turtox
1937.
Oglebay Park: Oglebay Institute Nature Leaders Training School : Sponsored
jointly by Oglebay Institute, Wheeling Park Commission, and West Virginia Univer-
sity for practical instruction in the field for nature teachers and others. Mr. A. B.
BROOKS directs the work of this school, which offers a series of summer courses in
natural history. Research facilities are not available.
Wisconsin
Long Lake: Lost Lake Conservation Camp : Sponsored by the nine State
Teachers Colleges of Wisconsin and the U. S. Forest Service to give teachers and
prospective teachers an opportunity to gain a practical knowledge of conservation and
an extensive biological background which is essential for this. Prof. THORPE LANGLEY
directs the work of the camp, which makes use of former C.C.C. lodges. Summer
courses are given in field zoology, field botany, nature study, and conservation. Re-
search facilities are not available.
Trout Lake: Trout Lake Limnological Laboratory: Several hundred lakes are
found within a radius of 25 miles from the laboratory. Sponsored by the University
of Wisconsin and the Wisconsin Conservation Department to study the physics, chemis-
try, and biology of Wisconsin lakes. Prof. CHANCEY JUDAY is director of the labora-
tory, which has an annual budget of $15,000. There are ample living and laboratory
facilities. No course work is given, but independent investigators may work at the
laboratory from June through September. Cf. Trans. Wis. Acad. Sci., Arts, and
Letters 25:337-52; The Biologist 18:177-82; Turtox 1937.
Williams Bay: Geneva Lake Summer School of Natural Science: An autonomous
Jack 73 Biological Stations
institution dedicated to correlate theory and practice by giving students an opportunity
for personal observation of the geological formations, plants, and animals of southern
Wisconsin. Dr. ARTHUR D. HASLER is director of the School, which has good living
and field laboratory facilities. Summer courses are given in plant ecology, advanced
plant taxonomy, glacial geology, field geology, field zoology, limnology, survey of
astronomy, and the teaching of science. Research facilities are available during the
summer months. Cf. Turtox 1937.
Wyoming
Centennial: University of Wyoming Science Summer Camp: In the subalpine
zone of the Medicine Bow National Forest at an altitude of 9,500 feet. Founded in
1923 and now sponsored by the University of Wyoming for field instruction and re-
search in botany, geology, and zoology. Prof. S. H. KNIGHT is director of the camp.
The equipment includes a central log lodge, four laboratory buildings, and forty
lodging cabins. Summer courses are given in fresh-water algae, taxonomy of vascular
plants, ecology, field and laboratory general botany, Wyoming birds, aquatic zoology,
^Icmentary field and laboratory zoology, elementary field course in geology, and ad-
vanced field geology. The camp is open to investigators from June fifteenth to August
firbt. Cf. The Biologist 18:183-89; Turtox 1937.
Jackson: Rocky Mountain Biological Station of the University of Michigan:
In a rugged mountain area, near the continental watershed. Sponsored by the Univer-
sity of Michigan Summer Session to conduct a general plant survey of the region and
explore the possibilities of the region for biological study and research. Prof. LEWIS
E. WEH MEYER is director of the station, which makes use of the summer engineering
camp of the University of Michigan. No formal courses are given, but research may
be undertaken during July and August.
VENEZUELA
Rancho Grande (Maracay) : Biological Station of the New York Zoological
Society: This has recently been established. Dr. WILLIAM BEEBE writes (May 29,
1945) : "As to the permanence of my Rancho Grande, I am only able to say that it
looks as if it might be continued I shall spend ten months next year here, and both
the Venezuelan Government and the Creole People as well as our Zoological Society
are anxious to have it kept up. I hope to get some of the native scientists trained
to carry it on. I should say there is a very fair chance of its being carried on."
YUGOSLAVIA
Rab: Biological Station of the Czechoslovak Society for a Marine Biological Sta-
tion: Sponsored by the Czechoslovak Society for a Marine Biological Station to enable
Czechoslovakian biologists to work in sea biology. There is one building which con-
tains laboratory facilities. Station publication: Travaux ( 1933- ) . Cf. VAUGHAN
1937.
Split: Oceanografski Institut : Sponsored by the Government of Yugoslavia for
researches in oceanography and biology and instruction for students. Prof. A.
ERCEGOVIC" directs the work of the institute. Equipment includes a public aquarium,
library, living accommodations, and 25 laboratories. Courses are given in marine biol-
ogy. Stat ion publications: Acta Adriatica; Annual Report. Cf. VAUGHAN 1937.
Struga: Die Hydrobiologische Abteilung der Antimalariastation zu Struga: C/.
LENZ 1927.
Crna Mlaka (Zdencina, Kroatien) : Teichwirtschaftliche Versuchsstation : Cf.
LENZ 1927.
After this booklet had been completed I received word of the publication of an extensive
biography of ANTON DOHRN by THEODOR HEUSS (Berlin und Zurich: Atlantis- Verlag, pp. 319,
1940). This is a very fine volume, of great interest to all interested in the development and
methods of organization of biological stations.
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